Prevalence and Severity of Sleep Apnea in a Group of Morbidly Obese Patients

Background Obesity is the most important risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. It is estimated that 70% of sleep apnea patients are obese. In the morbidly obese, the prevalence may reach 80% in men and 50% in women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of sleep apnea in a group of morbidly obese patients, leading to bariatric surgery. Methods In a cross-sectional study developed in Bahia, northeastern Brazil. 108 patients (78 women and 30 men) from the Obesity Treatment and Surgery Center - “Núcleo de Tratamento e Cirurgia da Obesidade” underwent standard polysomnography. Patients with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 events/hour were considered apneic. Results Mean ± SD for age and BMI were 37.1 ± 10.2 years and 45.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2, respectively. The calculated AHI ranged widely from 2.5 to 128.9 events/hour. Sleep apnea was detected in 93.6% of the sample, wherein 35.2% had mild, 30.6% moderate and 27.8% severe apnea. Oxyhemoglobin desaturation was directly related to the AHI and was more severe in men. Conclusion There was a high frequency of sleep apnea in this group of morbidly obese patients, for whom it was very important to request polysomnography, thus enabling therapeutic management and prognostication.     

Defecation disturbances after cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer

Study Type – Preference (prospective cohort) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Functional gastrointestinal symptoms and problems are common after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. This study adds new important epidemiological data on this group of symptoms.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To describe and compare long‐term defecation disturbances in patients who had undergone a cystectomy due to urinary bladder cancer with non‐continent urostomies, continent reservoirs and orthotopic neobladder urinary diversions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? During their follow‐up we attempted to contact all men and women aged 30–80 years who had undergone cystectomy and urinary diversion at seven Swedish hospitals.
• ? During a qualitative phase we identified defecation disturbances as a distressful symptom and included this item in a study‐specific questionnaire together with free‐hand comments. The patients completed the questionnaire at home.
• ? Outcome variables were dichotomized and the results are presented as relative risks with 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

• ? The questionnaire was returned from 452 (92%) of 491 identified patients. Up to 30% reported problems with the physiological emptying process of stool (bowel movement, sensory rectal function, awareness of need for defecation, motoric rectal and anal function, straining ability).
• ? A sense of decreased straining capacity was reported by 20% of the men and women with non‐continent urostomy and 14% and 8% of those with continent reservoirs and orthotopic neobladders, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Of the cystectomized individuals 30% reported problems with the physiological emptying process of stool (bowel movement, sensory rectal function, awareness of need for defecation, motoric rectal and anal function, straining ability).
• ? Those wanting to improve the situation for bladder cancer survivors may consider communicating before surgery the possibility of stool‐emptying problems, and asking about them after surgery.

     

Outcome and Hepatic Hemodynamics in Liver Transplant Patients with Portal Vein Arterialization

Few cases of successful portal vein arterialization in orthotopic and auxiliary liver transplantation have been reported. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal vein arterialization on hepatic hemodynamics and long-term clinical outcome in three patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Two patients with extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis received an orthotopic liver transplant and one with fulminant hepatic failure received an auxiliary heterotopic graft. Portal vein arterialization was performed in all cases. RESULTS: One patient died 4 months after transplant and two are still alive. Auxiliary liver graft was removed 3 months post-transplant when complete native liver regeneration was achieved. Immediate post-transplant liver function was excellent in all cases. Only one patient developed encephalopathy and variceal bleeding owing to prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to arterioportal fistula 14 months after transplant. He was successfully treated by embolization of the hepatic artery. Hepatic hemodynamic measurements demonstrated a normal pressure gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures in all cases. Liver biopsy showed acceptable graft architecture in two cases and microsteatosis in one. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is an acceptable salvage alternative when insufficient portal venous flow to the graft is present. The double arterial supply does not imply changes in hepatic hemodynamics, at least in the early months post-transplant.     

Transient urethral obstruction predisposes to ascending pyelonephritis and tubulo-interstitial disease: studies in rats

Chronic tubulo-interstitial disease, an important cause of end-stage renal disease, often results from the combined effects of a disturbed urinary outflow tract and urinary tract infection. Acute unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats rapidly induces foci of medullary necrosis, confined to the region of the papilla and fornices. This injury may provide a nidus for bacterial invasion and may invoke reactive and regenerative changes, ultimately leading to chronic pyelonephritis and tubulo-interstitial nephropathy. To explore this possibility, adult rats underwent renal morphological evaluation 2–7 days following transient 24-h unilateral ureteral obstruction. In some experiments the bladder was inoculated with bacteria (10⁸–10⁹ cfu/ml Escherichia coli in 0.5 ml) after release of ureteral obstruction, with subsequent cultures obtained from the pelvis of both kidneys and from the urinary bladder. Morphologic evaluation of perfusion-fixed kidneys, 2–7 days after the release of 24-h ureteral obstruction disclosed papillary necrosis, urothelial proliferation, marked inner-stripe interstitial expansion, and fibrosis and proximal tubular (S₃) dilatation. The lateral (perihilar region) was predominantly affected, with lesions spreading from the fornices. There was some progression of interstitial fibrosis during the postobstructive time course or following more prolonged ureteral obstruction. By contrast, infection hardly contributed to the tubulointerstitial changes. In rats subjected to infection, cultures were positive in all 15 postobstructive kidneys, as opposed to five contralateral kidneys (P < 0.0001). Viable counts from the postobstructive kidney were also higher than those from the contralateral side (79,000 ± 12,000 vs 2900 ± 1600 cfu/ml, mean ± SEM, P < 0.0001), and were comparable to those obtained from the bladder (77,000 ± 13,000 cfu/ml). We conclude that transient ureteral obstruction predisposes to ascending pyelonephritis and to tubulointerstitial disease. This vulnerability may relate to altered urodynamics and medullary tissue destruction. Received: 28 December 1999 / Accepted: 28 September 2000     

Evidence-based orthopaedics: is it possible?

EBM is referred to as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This article describes the history and practice of evidence-based medicine.     

Resultados de las 100 primeras colecistectomías por puerto único en un hospital de segundo nivel

Introduction

Despite the excellent results obtained with standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the efforts for minimizing the ports needed to reduce postoperative pain, for a quicker recovery and to improve the patient's cosmetics continue. The aim of this study is to report the results of the first 100 cases of single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in a secondary care hospital.

Material and methods

Prospective, observational and unicentric study including 100 patients between January 2010 and April 2012. Inclusion criteria: symptomatic cholelythiasis patients over 16-years of age on whom a single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. Exclusion criteria: history of acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis or suspected choledocholithiasis, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, BMI > 35 and previous laparotomies. We studied epidemiological, surgical and safety variables.

Results

The mean patient age was 39,89 ± 11,5 years. The mean time of the surgical procedure was 67,94 ± 25,5 min. There were 2 cases of postoperative complications. A non-infected seroma and a biliar leak. In 2 cases the use of an accessory trocar was needed. The mean hospital stay was 1,13 ± 0,8 days. A total of 35% patients were included in the major ambulatory surgery programme.The overall patient satisfaction survey rating showed a high level of cosmetic satisfaction in 100% of patients.

Conclusions

Single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a good technique when performed in selected cases by expert surgeons. It is feasible to include the single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a major ambulatory surgery programme. We have not had serious complications. There is a high cosmetic satisfaction index with this technique.     

Selection of Women Aged 50–64 Yr for Bone Density Measurement

The fracture risk assessment tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX^®) estimates 10-yr major osteoporotic and hip fracture probabilities from multiple clinical risk factors and optionally femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD). FRAX without BMD has been proposed as a method to select postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr for BMD measurement, but the efficiency of this strategy and its concordance with National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) treatment guidelines is unknown. The osteoporosis self-assessment test (OST) is another simple screening tool based on age and weight alone. A historical cohort of 18,315 women aged 50–64 yr, drawn from the Manitoba Bone Density Program database, which contains clinical BMD results for the Province of Manitoba, Canada, was used to determine the performance of these screening tools in selecting postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr for BMD testing. FRAX was closely aligned with indicators of high fracture risk (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]: 0.89), whereas OST was better for detecting women with osteoporotic BMD (AUROC: 0.72). The combination of major fracture probability 10% or higher from FRAX without BMD or OST less than 1 identified 42% of women for BMD testing, capturing 72% of women meeting any NOF treatment criteria (90% of women with NOF criteria for high risk from FRAX or prior fracture). The negative predictive value to exclude qualification for treatment under the NOF criteria was 90%. These data may help to inform an evidence-based approach for targeting BMD testing in postmenopausal women younger than 65 yr under the NOF treatment guidelines.     

Differential Bone Turnover in an Angulated Fracture Model in the Rat

We have developed a simple rat model of angulated tibial fracture which elicits substantial differences in bone formation and resorption within the same bone. In 35 rats the right mid-tibia was manually fractured and fixed with an intramedullary 17-gauge cannula needle. Twenty tibias were fixed in anterior angulation (27 ± 5°) and 15 in posterior angulation (31 ± 5°). Serial X-rays were taken over a 12-week period. All fractures healed completely within five weeks. In both groups, bone thickness was already significantly greater on the concave side than on the convex side at week 3 and remained so until the end of the experiment. The thickness on the convex side decreased dramatically within 3 to 5 weeks and gradually thereafter. For morphological analysis of bone mineralization, 3 rats from each group were given calcein and alizarin red injected at different time points up to 14 weeks. Maximum new bone formation was noted within the first 3 weeks. Over the ensuing weeks, new bone formation remained intense on the concave side, but it was virtually absent on the convex side. These results show that angulated fracture deformity reproducibly exhibits differential bone turnover, which can be exploited in research on local regulatory factors. To exemplify the utility of the model, an immunohistochemical study on two local markers was done. Callus tissue of five rats in the anterior angulation group at week 3 post-fracture was stained for the cytokine IL-1, a stimulator of bone resorption, and the neuropeptide CGRP, an inhibitor of resorption, showing clear differences in positive staining between the concave and convex sides. Our in-vivo model offers a means of analyzing morphologically and quantitatively the differential expression and action of factors involved in local bone turnover.