Diversity in Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology is not as diverse as society, and the generalizability of clinical psychology to diverse groups has largely been untested. Some progress has been made in increasing the number of ethnic minorities receiving PhD degrees in clinical psychology and in increasing ethnic minority representation in clinical trials. Nevertheless, clinical psychologists and clinical psychology research are not diverse. A stages of change model may be useful in motivating clinical psychologists to diversify. A future scenario involving inertia and a second involving change are offered.     

Corrosion potential variation of aged dental amalgam restorations over time.

OBJECTIVE: The corrosion potential of a dental amalgam restoration is generally determined using a single measurement, even though environmental factors and abrasion can continuously alter the surface state and reactivity of this alloy. It was, therefore, the purpose of this study to determine the maximum variability of the corrosion potential of aged dental amalgam restorations, for 28 days. METHODS: The corrosion potentials of 148 aged dental amalgam restorations in 12 human subjects were measured at t = 0 and 4 h, and 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Measurements were made with a high impedance voltmeter and a Ag/AgCl micro-reference electrode. The subjects were instructed not to alter their usual eating and oral hygiene routines. RESULTS: Corrosion potential changes occurred throughout the 28 days. They were both positive and negative for the same restoration, and were sometimes very large. Only 4 h after the initial measurement, the absolute value of the corrosion potential changes ranged between 18 and 287 mV for 50% of the restorations. The largest maximum absolute corrosion potential change for each subject's restorations ranged between 85 and 329 mV. Statistical analysis showed that the overall mean maximum absolute corrosion potential change for the subjects' restorations was 74 mV. SIGNIFICANCE: It was shown that the corrosion potential of aged dental amalgam restorations varies substantially over time, and that a single measurement is not representative of short- or long-term electrochemical behavior. This finding has implications regarding the corrosion rate of dental amalgam restorations, particularly those that are part of a galvanic couple.     

Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of base deficit with mortality and other factors affecting mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive samples of 3791 trauma patients admitted with an arterial blood gas sample taken in the first 24 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, injury mechanism, head injury, shock (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg), Revised Trauma Score, TRISS probability of survival Ps, and mortality. RESULTS: Most (3038) patients (80.1%) exhibited a base deficit. Base deficit, age, injury mechanism, and head injury were associated with mortality using logistic regression. Age less than 55 years, no head injury, and a base deficit of -15 mmol/L were associated with 25% mortality. Age greater than or equal to 55 years with no head injury or age less than 55 years with a head injury and a base deficit of -8 mmol/L were associated with a 25% mortality. When shock was added to the model, all factors remained significant, and base deficit was supplemental to blood pressure. Base deficit also added significantly to the Revised Trauma Score and TRISS measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The base deficit is an expedient and sensitive measure of both the degree and the duration of inadequate perfusion. It is useful as a clinical tool and enhances the predictive ability of both the Revised Trauma Score and TRISS.     

Requirement for ICR-like sequences in the replication of brome mosaic virus genomic RNA.

Previous studies using a brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA-2 deletion mutant (pRNA-2 M/S) and additional derivatives as reporters established that viral sequences resembling internal control regions (ICRs) 1 and 2 of tRNA gene promoters are vital to (+)-strand replication in protoplasts. Transfer of these mutations to genomic RNA-2 and functional analysis in protoplast, local lesion, and systemic infections revealed a sequence-specific requirement for bases within the ICR2-like motif. Despite the low (generally less than 20% of wild-type) and sometimes undetectable levels of replication of these RNA-2 mutants, sufficient p2a protein was produced to support at least modest levels of RNA-1, -3 and -4 replication in protoplasts. However, only those RNA-2 ICR2 mutants supporting substantial replication of the viral genome in protoplasts were capable of establishing local lesions in Chenopodium hybridum and systemic infections in barley, further establishing the essential role of the ICR-like sequences in viral infectivity. Upon passage through a second set of barley plants, accumulation patterns for progeny from inocula containing certain RNA-2 mutants paralleled those from wild-type inocula, indicating repair of the introduced mutations. RNA stability and translatability were shown to be unaffected by the introduced mutations. BMV RNA-3 contains several ICR-like sequences, each of which was individually deleted. Whereas deletion of the 5'-terminal ICR2-like motif had little effect on RNA-3 accumulation in protoplasts or local lesion formation, it debilitated systemic spread in barley. Deletion of an internal ICR2-like motif at position 1100 decreased (+):(-) strand asymmetry from greater than 100:1 to 14:1, reduced RNA-3 replication in protoplasts to less than 15% of wild-type, and abolished local lesion and systemic infectivity.     

Atypical antiglomerular basement membrane disease associated with thin membrane nephropathy

Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is characteristically described with linear deposition of IgG along the GBM. We report two unusual cases of IgA and IgM anti-GBM disease associated with diffuse thinning of the GMB, and review the literature on atypical immunoglobulin species in this disorder. Both patients were male, aged 55 and 49 years, and presented with isolated microscopic haematuria, neither having shown evidence of impaired renal or pulmonary function on follow-up for 4 and 6 years respectively. Renal histology revealed minor focal mesangial changes only, but immunoperoxidase preparations demonstrated intense linear staining of the GBM with IgA in one case, and IgM with C3 in the other. On electron-microscopy there was diffuse thinning of the GBM in both cases, mean thickness 220 and 295 nm respectively (normal range 350-450 nm). Antinuclear antibodies were not detected and their glucose tolerance tests were normal. Assays for circulating IgG anti-GBM antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were negative in both patients, although IgA anti-GBM antibodies with specificity confirmed by inhibition studies were identified in the first case. Thin GBMs in these patients may expose the Goodpasture antigen to toxic or infectious insults, thus altering its antigenic profile and promoting this unusual immune response.     

Portal venous velocity in biliary atresia

From December 1986 to April 1989, 38 patients with biliary atresia (eight newly diagnosed) were evaluated with doppler ultrasound of the portal venous system. Peak and mean velocities were computer derived from the spectral waveform. Good velocity was greater than 15 cm/s, intermediate velocity was 8 to 14 cm/s, abnormal velocity was less than 7 cm/s or hepatofugal. Patients were grouped according to clinical status: group 1 (n = 14), normal liver function; group 2 (n = 15), recurrent cholangitis; group 3 (n = 2), established bile drainage but complicated cirrhosis; group 4 (n = 7), failed portoenterostomy. All patients with normal liver function (group 1) had good or intermediate velocities. Thirteen of 15 patients with recurrent cholangitis (group 2) had good or intermediate velocities. Both patients in this group with abnormal velocities required transplantation. In group 3 the patient with abnormal velocity is on the transplant waiting list. In group 4, abnormal velocities preceded or coincided with deterioration of liver function in five of seven patients. Doppler ultrasound provides useful anatomic information, determines direction of flow, quantitates velocity of flow, and, when performed serially, provides adjunctive information on liver status in children with biliary atresia. These preliminary results suggest that patients with abnormal or significantly decreasing velocity are destined for transplantation. Patients with good portal venous velocity warrant ongoing, aggressive surgical management.