L����valuation du risque cardiaque avant l��utilisation de stimulants chez les enfants et les adolescents

Regulatory decisions and scientific statements regarding the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) raise questions about the safety of medications and the appropriate pretreatment evaluation to determine suitability for treatment with medication. This is particularly true in the setting of known structural or functional heart disease. The present paper reviews the available data, including peer-reviewed literature, data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Web site on reported adverse reactions in children using stimulant medication, and Health Canada data on the same problem. A consensus-based guideline on appropriate assessment is provided, based on input from members of the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society and the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, with specific expertise and knowledge in the areas of both ADHD and paediatric cardiology. The present statement advocates a thorough history and physical examination before starting stimulant medications, with an emphasis on the identification of risk factors for sudden death, but does not routinely recommend electrocardiographic screening or cardiac subspecialist consultation unless indicated by history or physical examination findings. A checklist for identifying children who are potentially at risk of sudden death (independent of ADHD or medications used to treat it) is provided. Although recommendations are based on the best evidence currently available, the committee further agrees that more research on this subject is necessary to optimize the approach to this common clinical scenario.Il est démontré que le traitement pharmacologique par des stimulants réduit les symptômes associés au trouble de déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH), et ce traitement fait partie des recommandations thérapeutiques de l’American Academy of Pediatrics pour les enfants présentant ce trouble (1,2). Cependant, de récentes décisions en matière de réglementation sur l’homologation et l’étiquetage des médicaments contre le TDAH (3,4), ainsi qu’un récent document de principes de l’American Heart Association (5), une correction et une réponse (clarification) de l’American Academy of Pediatrics (6,7), ont soulevé des questions sur l’évaluation et la thérapie du TDAH que préconisent les praticiens canadiens. La pratique canadienne actuelle dans le domaine de la pharmacothérapie du TDAH et du dépistage cardiovasculaire est mixte, et il y a peu de consensus quant à l’évaluation pertinente des enfants avant d’instaurer la pharmacothérapie du TDAH (8). Les avis sont encore plus partagés au sujet de l’innocuité du traitement des enfants ayant subi une réfection ou une palliation de leur cardiopathie congénitale (CPC) et qui prennent des médicaments contre le TDAH (8).Afin d’orienter les médecins canadiens qui soignent les enfants ayant un TDAH et de clarifier la situation, la Société canadienne de pédiatrie, la Société canadienne de cardiologie et l’Académie canadienne de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent ont préparé conjointement le présent document de principes. Il contient des recommandations consensuelles sur l’évaluation du risque cardiaque chez les enfants ayant un TDAH à qui on envisage d’administrer des stimulants. Il ne s’attarde pas au diagnostic de TDAH, ni aux bienfaits thérapeutiques des stimulants. De même, il n’aborde pas le bien-fondé ou les risques relatifs d’un médicament par rapport à un autre au sein de cette population de patients. Enfin, les médicaments non stimulants utilisés dans le traitement du TDAH, y compris l’atomoxétine, les antidépresseurs et les agonistes alpha-adrénergiques, ne font pas l’objet d’une analyse particulière.     

Analgesia for circumcision in a paediatric population: comparison of caudal bupivacaine alone with bupivacaine plus two doses of clonidine

BACKGROUND: Clonidine is often used to improve the duration and quality of analgesia produced by caudal epidural blockade, although the optimum dose of clonidine with bupivacaine remains uncertain. Methods: We compared the effect of clonidine, 1 and 2 microg x kg(-1), added to bupivacaine (1.25 mg x kg(-1)) with that of bupivacaine alone in 75 male children undergoing elective circumcision. RESULTS: There was a trend towards increasing duration of analgesia with increasing dose of clonidine [group B (bupivacaine) 280.7 (171.6) min, C1 (bupivacaine + clonidine 1 microg x kg(-1)) 327.8 (188.3) min and C2 (bupivacaine + clonidine 2 microg x kg(-1)) 382.0 (200.6) min], although this difference was not statistically significant. Mean time to arousal from anaesthesia was significantly prolonged with clonidine 2 microg kg(-1) (group C2 21.3 (13-36) min, group C1 14.0 (6-25) min and group B 14.4 (2-32) min. Supplementary analgesic requirements and incidence of adverse effects were low, with no differences between the groups. Conclusions: For paediatric circumcision, under general anaesthesia, the addition of clonidine 2 microg x kg(-1) to low volume (0.5 ml x kg(-1)) caudal anaesthetics has a limited clinical benefit for children undergoing circumcision.     

A2M、A1PI、MMPs水平与肺部感染合并肺不张患者的相关性及临床意义

目的探讨α2-巨球蛋白(A2M)、α1-蛋白酶抑制物(A1PI)、血清基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)水平与肺部感染合并肺不张患者的相关性及临床意义。方法选取2018年1-12月于该院就诊的100例患者作为研究组;选取同期就诊的肺部感染患者45例和体检健康者100例分别作为对照组和健康对照组。检测各组血清A2M、A1PI、MMP-1、MMP-2和MMP-9水平,比较组间水平差异。对研究组行常规治疗,对比治疗前、后各指标水平差异。结果研究组A2M、A1PI和MMPs水平均明显高于对照组和健康对照组(P<0.05),对照组各指标水平均明显高于健康对照组(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组患者随着肺部疾病程度增加,A1PI和MMPs水平逐步升高(P<0.05),对照组各感染程度患者间A2M水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而研究组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。常规治疗后研究组各指标水平均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论肺部感染合并肺不张患者血清A2M、A1PI和MMPs水平异常升高,A2M、A1PI和MMPs可为临床肺部感染合并肺不张提供诊断参考。     

Thymus in the superior mediastinum simulating adenopathy: appearance on CT

A soft-tissue nodule was identified in the mediastinum superior to the left brachiocephalic vein in six patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) of the chest. In one case, biopsy of the mass showed that it was thymic tissue. In the remaining cases, the nodule was identified as thymus on the basis of the CT findings. The findings include equal density of the superior mediastinal nodule and the thymic lobes anterior to the ascending aorta, no displacement or narrowing of adjacent arteries, absence of a fat plane between the nodule and the thymic lobes, and parallel reduction in size of the nodule and the rest of the thymus. Two patients were examined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Sagittal MR images demonstrated continuity of the superior mediastinal nodule with the more caudal portion of the thymus. Recognition of this normal variant in children is important in order to avoid unnecessary mediastinal biopsies or overstaging of malignancies.     

血清淀粉样蛋白A (SAA)升高的大动脉炎(TA)患者免疫炎症状态

 目的  对伴有血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A, SAA)升高的大动脉炎(Takayasu's arteritis, TA)患者的临床特征、免疫炎症状态和疾病活动性进行分析。方法  收集TA患者80例,比较SAA升高组和正常组患者一般资料、病情活动、炎症指标、细胞因子及用药情况差异,采用t检验、秩和检验和Spearman's相关系数分析进行统计学分析。结果  与SAA正常组相比,SAA升高组有更多患者Kerr评分≥2(86.44% vs.61.9%, P=0.036),红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)［(47.84±34.60) mg/L vs. (18.86±15.87) mg/L, P＜0.001］、超敏C反应蛋白(high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP)［17.42(5.20~36.90)mg/L vs.1.80(0.75~4.05)mg/L, P＜0.001］、血小板数［(295.00±95.60)×109/L vs.(240.85±75.78)×109/L,P=0.025］、血清球蛋白水平［(29.05±6.49)g/L vs. (24.98±4.33)g/L, P=0.002］、IgG［(13.37±4.52)g/L vs.(11.63±2.63)g/L, P=0.048］、补体C3［(1.26±0.26) g/L vs. (1.03±0.20) g/L,P=0.002］、C4［0.25(0.21~0.29)g/L vs. 0.20(0.14~0.23)g/L,P=0.008］及IL-6水平［(10.64±8.93) pg/mL vs. (3.88±2.72) pg/mL, P=0.001］显著高于SAA正常组。结论  SAA升高的TA患者炎症指标和疾病活动性更高,SAA检测有助于了解炎症和疾病状况。