聚族与散居农民生活满意度比较

通过对聚族与散居农民生活满意度调查发现，以聚族而居的张谷英村农民生活满意度优于非聚族的荷花村，差异十分显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者对差异的原因进行了初步分析。     

Three‐year follow‐up of children with postmeningitic deafness and partial cochlear implant insertion

Objectives: To evaluate the long‐term outcome of children with postmeningitic deafness and partial insertion of the Nucleus electrode array, and to compare their speech perception performance with that of children with full insertion of the electrode array. Design: A battery of seven speech perception tests was administered to 25 children with a cochlear implant (CI). Results were reduced into one score: equivalent hearing loss (EHL). Setting: Tertiary referral centre. Participants: The partial insertion group comprised seven children, mean age at implantation 5.5 years, mean duration of deafness 3.6 years. The full‐insertion control group comprised 18 children. Mean age at implantation: 4.4 years; mean duration of deafness: 2.9 years. All the children became deaf between 0 and 3 years of age. Main outcome measures: Over a 3‐year follow‐up period, the children with partial insertion showed continuing progress, although there was wide variation in performance and the rate of progression. Some open‐set comprehension could even be achieved with the insertion of only eight electrodes of a nucleus device. Results: Three years after implantation, speech perception in the partial insertion children was poorer than that in the control groups with long (P < 0.01; 95% confidence interval 7–43 dB EHL) and short duration of deafness (P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval 28–53 dB EHL). They showed slower progress and reached a poorer EHL plateau. Four of the seven children acquired open‐set word recognition. Conclusions: Patients with partial insertion of the electrode array benefit from a CI, although less than patients with complete insertion.     

Circulating red cells usually remain of host origin after bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency

Background: Patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation often receive a milder conditioning regimen than patients who undergo transplantation for hematologic malignancy, and they regularly retain circulating white cells of host origin. The origin of circulating red cells following successful bone marrow transplantation to treat SCID is not known. Study Design and Methods: Review of the medical records identified all patients with SCID who underwent ABO-mismatched bone marrow transplantation at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1982 and 1994. The ABO and Rh phenotype at>6 months after transplantation was determined for all successful transplants by review of the medical record or the taking of a fresh blood sample for analysis. Patient-conditioning and donor bone marrow-preparative regimens were reviewed to assess their possible influence on the red cell phenotype after successful bone marrow transplantation. Results: Nine of 35 SCID patients who underwent successful transplantation received marrow from ABO-mismatched donors. Eight of the nine patients had only host red cells circulating at 6 to 84 months after transplantation, while one patient had only donor red cells circulating at 48 months after transplantation. None of the patients had circulating red cells of both host and donor origin. Conditioning regimens included cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin for all nine patients; only three patients also received total body irradiation. Seven of the nine patients received related-donor, HLA- mismatched bone marrow, and two patients received HLA-identical bone marrow; eight patients received T-cell-depleted bone marrow. The one patient whose red cell phenotype converted to that of the donor received T-cell-depleted, haploidentical marrow, and the preparative regimen included chemotherapy and total body irradiation. Conclusion: SCID patients successfully treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation typically fail to show circulating red cells of donor phenotype; this finding is in contrast to the universal presence of circulating donor red cells following successful bone marrow transplantation to treat hematologic malignancies and other diseases. The milder conditioning regimens typically given to patients with SCID, along with T-cell depletion and HLA mismatching, may play a role in this different outcome. It is not known whether the inability to find circulating red cells of donor origin is due to a failure to engraft donor pluripotent stem cells or a failure of engrafted donor stem cells to differentiate along the erythroid lineage.     

Sunscreens – what's important to know

The popularity of sunscreens dramatically increased since ultraviolet irradiation was implicated in the pathogenesis of skin cancer and skin ageing. The absorption properties, safety, photostability of different organic and inorganic filters are reviewed: para -aminobenzoic acid, salicylates, cinnamates, benzophenones, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane (Parsol 1789), drometrizole trisulphonic (Mexoryl XL), terephthalydene dicamphor sulphonic acid (Mexoryl SX), methylene bisbenzotriazol tetramethylbutylphenol (Tinasorb M), anisotriazine (Tinasorb S), titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Furthermore, this review discusses the optimal methods for measuring the protection that a sunscreen offers, the role of sunscreen use in melanoma prevention and future trends in sunscreen filters development.