研究生一年级学生运动等级与其健康状况的相关性

目的:调查研究生一年级学生的体育锻炼和健康状况,并分析其相关性。方法:调查于2005-09/10完成。选取西南大学和重庆大学2005级研究生一年级学生作为调查对象,共发放问卷190份,男90份,女100份。进行问卷调查,当场收回问卷。问卷内容:①自测健康评定量表:由48个条目构成,1～17为自测生理健康评定子量表(170～0分),19～34为自测心理健康子量表(150～0分),35～47为自测社会健康子量表(120～0分),分数越高代表越健康。②体育活动等级量表:主要调查调查对象上1个月参加体育锻炼的运动量,运动量=强度×时间×频率,强度与频率从1～5等级分别计1～5分,时间从1～5等级分别计0～4分,故运动量最高分为100分,最低分为0分。结果:有效回收176份问卷进入结果分析。①不同性别调查对象在运动等级上的分布情况:研究生一年级男女新生的运动量水平都偏低(男生:31.80±23.19,女生:15.57±15.39),且性别对运动量有显著的主效应(P<0.01),女生在运动量上的得分显著偏低。②调查对象健康状况各维度与运动量的相关性:运动量与总体健康、生理健康、心理健康和社会健康都存在显著相关性(r=0.150～0.238,P<0.05～0.01),生理健康对运动量有显著的预测作用(P<0.05)。③不同运动量等级调查对象的健康量表得分:运动等级对生理健康有显著的主效应(P<0.01),随着运动量的增加,研究生一年级学生的生理健康水平不断提高。结论:研究生一年级学生的体育锻炼运动量与健康水平存在着明显的正相关,随着运动量的增加,生理健康、心理健康及社会健康水平均不断增加。     

Establishment of a system to standardize acceptability criteria for alanine aminotransferase activity in donated blood

A multilaboratory study was conducted to develop a system for standardizing alanine aminotransferase (ALT) acceptability criteria ("cutoffs") for donated blood. Without standardized cutoffs, each laboratory must develop its own cutoff, and this may not make optimal use of ALT testing to reduce transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB). Defining an ALT acceptability criterion in absolute terms is necessary because relative cutoffs based on local donor populations may be affected by the prevalence of NANB in each community. This study involved 16 laboratories using 23 different analytic systems. The ALT results of the analysis of a plasma reference sample could be used to translate mathematically a single, absolute cutoff to units applicable to each analytic system. The distribution of ALT results in 1.4 million donations from across the country was established; basing the cutoff on this sample avoids the problems inherent in using a local donor base to establish a cutoff. We propose the implementation of a system to standardize ALT acceptability criteria to an activity level defined by analysis of a nationwide donor sample.     

Van der Woude syndrome: dentofacial features and implications for clinical practice

Background:  Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is the most common clefting syndrome in humans. It is characterized by the association of congenital lower lip fistulae with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. VWS individuals have a high prevalence of hypodontia. Although caused by a single gene mutation, VWS has variable phenotypic expression. This study aimed to describe the range of clinical presentations in 22 individuals with VWS to facilitate its diagnosis.
Methods:  A retrospective study of 22 patients with a diagnosis of VWS was undertaken at the Australian Craniofacial Unit (ACFU) in Adelaide. Three extended families with affected members were included in the study cohort.
Results:  The overall prevalence of lip pits in this study cohort was 86%. Cleft phenotypes included bilateral cleft lip and palate (32%); unilateral cleft lip and palate (32%); submucous cleft palate (23%); and isolated cleft hard and soft palate (9%). Missing permanent teeth were reported in 86% of affected individuals.
Conclusions:  Submucous cleft palate in VWS may go undiagnosed if the lower lip pits are not detected. Associated hypodontia and resultant malocclusions will also require management by a dental team.     

Italian healthcare workers' views on mandatory vaccination

Background  

Mandatory vaccination has contributed to the success of immunisation programmes but voluntary vaccination allows people to be responsible for their own health. There are benefits from both policies and the arguments between them remain subject to debate within and without the scientific community, both nationally and internationally. The aim of this study is to assess the opinions of those who actually work in the Vaccination Service.     

Intraoperative monitoring to preserve central visual fields during occipital corticectomy for epilepsy.

Photic driving using a flashing strobe light was recorded via intracranial electrodes in two patients with occipital epilepsy being evaluated for surgery. The same technique was used to monitor the visual cortex intraoperatively. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were also obtained using the intracranial electrodes in one patient. Preoperative photic driving occurred in a separate location from the cortical areas producing ictal epileptiform activity. VEPs were located in the same site as photic driving. Photic driving was monitored throughout the resection and remained unaffected at the end of each procedure. Postoperative visual field testing in both patients showed preservation of central vision although some reduction in peripheral fields was seen. Intraoperative monitoring of the visual cortex using photic stimulation proved to be a reliable technique for preserving central vision during occipital lobe surgery.     

Health impacts of family planning

Among the many effects of family planning is the influence ithas on mortality and morbidity in women and children throughthe mechanism of changing the number and spacing of children.There is a complex set of relationships between mother's age,parity, birth spacing and infant and child mortality and morbidity.Much effort has been put into untangling this web in the hopeof identifying clear causal connections, but for the most parton the basis of inadequate data. Rather than attempt to establishthe relative importance of child spacing as a cause of decreasesin mortality, this paper takes as its starting point that thereis a connection, and presents some possible causal mechanismswhich explain how short birth intervals and child mortalitycould be related. In addition the most frequently cited hypotheses-maternaldepletion and sibling competition-a third is examined-birthcrowding which, it is suggested, influences the pattern of thetransmission of infectious diseases and, in turn, mortality. In the field of maternal mortality, the data which could beused to quantify the benefits of family planning are in evenshorter supply; however, the causal connections are rather moreeasily identified. The final section combines parity-specificdata on maternal mortality with evidence of changes in fertilitypatterns brought about by family planning to assess how successfulwe can hope to be in reducing through birth control the numberof women who die in childbirth.     

Recovery of T cell subsets after autologous bone marrow transplantation is mainly due to proliferation of mature T cells in the graft

In 22 patients with malignancies, treated with high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT), peripheral blood T cell subsets and functions were studied. In ten cytomegalovirus (CMV)-negative patients, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (representing T cells of the helper/inducer phenotype and T cells of the suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype, respectively), recovered slowly and simultaneously. In 12 CMV-positive patients, however, CD8+ T cells recovered more rapidly than CD4+ T cells and rose to increased counts. No T cells with an immature phenotype (CD1+, OKT6+) were observed. Lymphocyte stimulation by herpes simplex virus infected fibroblasts (and by CMV-infected fibroblasts in CMV-positive patients) in contrast remained high and even increased after BMT in both groups. These data indicate that T cell recovery after autologous BMT is mainly due to proliferation of mature T cells present in the BM graft and not to generation of new T cells from T cell precursors.