Delinquency and drug use among adolescents and emerging adults: The role of aggression,impulsivity, empathy,and cognitive distortions

Risk behaviors are well known to be higher in adolescents and emerging adults. Drug use and delinquency present several common predictive factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of individual factors (aggression, impulsivity, empathy, and cognitive distortions) to delinquent behaviors, alcohol use and cannabis consumption among adolescents and emerging adults. Participants were between 15 and 25 years of age (M = 18.64 years, SD = 2.61); 325 were adolescents (15–18 years of age, M = 16.56, SD = 1.11, 56.31% of women) and 283 were emerging adults (19–25 years, M = 21.03, SD = 1.62, 50.88% of women). They completed self-report validated questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses showed that all individual factors significantly predicted delinquency. Impulsivity and empathy significantly predicted alcohol use. Concerning cannabis use, impulsivity is the only significantly associated predictor. Moderation analysis showed that specific associations were stronger in adolescents, whereas others were stronger in emerging adults. All these variables explained 69% of the variance of delinquency, 31% of the variance of alcohol use, and 18% of the variance of cannabis use. This model demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit criteria. These results may have implications for prevention and intervention.     

Impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Part 1: Assessment,clinical aspects and recovery

BackgroundImpaired self-awareness (ISA) has frequently been found to be both frequent and deleterious in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).ObjectivesThe present paper is the first of a two-part systematic review of ISA after traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on assessment methods, clinical aspects and recovery.MethodsFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, 95 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included.ResultsISA occurs in 30% to 50% of patients with moderate to severe TBI, although it tends to improve with time. There is no one single gold-standard measure of ISA. Self-proxy discrepancy scores, with scales such as the Patient Competency Rating Scale or the Awareness Questionnaire, or a structured interview such as the Self Awareness of Deficits Interview, are the most frequently used assessment methods, with adequate psychometric properties. Scores on these different scales correlate only moderately with each other, which suggests that they may address different aspects of self-awareness. ISA mainly concerns cognitive and behavioral problems rather than physical or sensory impairments and may concern different areas of functioning, such as anticipatory, emergent or meta-cognitive awareness.ConclusionISA is a complex and multifaceted issue that should be systematically assessed in rehabilitation settings using a range of relatively well-validated tools. The consequences and predictors of ISA after TBI will be addressed in a companion paper.     

Trichoblastoma,syringocystadenoma papilliferum,desmoplastic trichilemmoma and tumor of the follicular infundibulum with signet‐ring cells,all arising in nevus sebaceus

Herein, we describe a 63‐year‐old male with multiple tumors arising within a nevus sebaceus on the posterior scalp. On histopathologic examination, four distinct tumors were identified: trichoblastoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, desmoplastic trichilemmoma and tumor of the follicular infundibulum (TFI). Within the TFI component of the nevus sebaceus, there was intracytoplasmic accumulation of eosinophilic keratin, as shown on pancytokeratin‐stained sections, imparting a signet‐ring appearance to the cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of signet‐ring cells arising within a TFI occurring in a nevus sebaceus. We discuss this case as well as review the literature on multiple tumors arising within nevus sebaceus and signet‐ring cell changes in primary cutaneous tumors.