Panfacial fractures: analysis of 33 cases treated late.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the characteristics of delayed panfacial fractures and evaluate treatment results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with delayed panfacial fractures were treated in the Maxillofacial Trauma Center of Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology between 1998 and 2004. Each patient was examined by computed tomography (CT) scans before operation. For those who had no severe opening restriction, dental impressions were taken to fabricate dental casts. For those with severely comminuted fractures, 3-dimensional (3D) models of the facial skeleton were used. Re-establishing the continuity of the mandible was the first step and then used as a platform to reconstruct the maxillary fractures via maxillomandibular fixation after Le Fort I osteotomy. The third step was to restore the mid- and upper-facial width and projection by coronal approach to expose the zygomatic complex and frontal bone/sinus and/or naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures. RESULTS: There were 3 types of mandibular fractures that affected the treatment plan: 1) type I, mandibular body/symphysis fracture(s) (17/33, 51.52%); 2) type II, mandibular angle and/or condylar fracture(s) (6/33, 18.18%); and 3) type III, both mandibular body/symphysis and angle/condylar fractures (10/33, 30.30%). Fourteen cases were associated with NOE fractures (42.42%) and 3 cases had frontal sinus fractures (9.1%). Twelve cases had enophthalmos (36.36%) and 3 lost 1 eyeball. The order of treatment was dependent on the mandibular fracture type. For type I fractures, reconstructing the mandibular arch was the first step. For type II fractures, repairing the angle, ascending rami, and condylar areas was the first step. For type III fractures, when both mandibular height and arch were disrupted, freeing the malunited angle or condyle was the first step before restoring the mandibular arch form. Reconstruction of the mandibular height and projection was then carried out. For all 3 types, the second step was to restore the mid- and upper facial width and projection by reducing the zygomatic complex and frontal bone/sinus or NOE fractures. Maxillary fixation across the Le Fort I level was the last step. Le Fort I osteotomy was used for all 33 cases. Bone grafts and soft tissue suspension also were used. Twenty-one cases (63.64%) had good results, 7 (21.21%) cases were acceptable, and 5 (15.15%) were not good. There were 7 cases (21.21%) that still had soft tissue problems that needed secondary operations. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of the mandible first with Le Fort I osteotomy is a good way to treat delayed panfacial fractures. Computed tomography and 3D CT, model surgery, and occasionally 3D models are necessary aids for diagnosis and treatment. Soft tissue problems, including lacerations and asymmetries, were often the factors that caused an unfavorable outcome.     

Thrombelastographic measures of clot propagation: a comparison of alpha with the maximum rate of thrombus generation.

The alpha angle alpha (degrees) is a thrombelastographic measure of clot propagation. A parametric measurement of clot propagation [maximum rate of thrombus generation (MRTG), dynes/cm2 per s], however, has recently been utilized. Thus, the relationship of changes in alpha with changes in MRTG were determined. alpha and MRTG values obtained from 859 thrombelastograms was collected from nine studies. Data were analyzed and the relationship between alpha and MRTG defined with commercially available software. Additional comparisons were made retrospectively from whole-blood and plasma data obtained from 33 normal individuals. Data from the nine studies demonstrated that MRTG increased in an exponential fashion compared with increases in alpha (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001). Whole-blood alpha values were in the range 66.7-74.7 whereas MRTG values were 5.5-10.8, and plasma alpha values were 65.1-77.9 with corresponding MRTG values of 3.5-12.0. Assessment of clot propagation utilizing MRTG provides a more parametric evaluation than the determination of alpha. While normal alpha values may vary by only 12-20%, MRTG values vary by approximately 200-300%. The MRTG should be progressively utilized to a greater extent in both laboratory and clinical settings to parametrically quantify clot growth kinetics with thrombelastography.     

Platelet 3H-imipramine binding during recovery from depression.

Decreased binding of tritiated imipramine to platelets has been considered to be a potential biological marker of depression. However, it has been unclear how binding values alter during treatment and recovery. This study investigated imipramine binding parameters and depressive symptoms in 25 patients suffering from major depression at entry to the study and 1, 3 and 6 months later. Although the initial Bmax values were significantly lower in the depressed patients than in healthy subjects, it was not possible to establish a clear relationship between recovery from depression and Bmax. The power of this study to detect an effect of at least 10% of the variance in Bmax due to factors related to recovery from depression was 0.78.     

WHO SPEAKS? WHO LISTENS? DIFFERENT VOICES AND DIFFERENT SEXUALITIES

ABSTRACT Psychoanalytic theories of sexuality have regarded homosexuality as a symptom of arrested sexual development. Such theorizing fails to acknowledge the prejudicial values that underpin it. The work of the philosopher, Michel Foucault, can offer psychotherapists new possibilities of considering sexual orientation that do not presuppose a split between the psychic and the socio-political. The complexity and diversity of lesbian roles, identities, experiences and cultures are particularly highlighted by Audre Lorde (a Black lesbian feminist theorist). The two cases illustrate how a Foucauldian analysis, combined with a psychoanalytic approach, can enable us to respond more sensitively to questions of identity in our work with patients.     

Disseminated migratory osteoporosis: an unusual pattern of osteoporosis

Regional migratory osteoporosis (RMO) is a well-defined clinical entity, consisting of migratory osteoporosis involving the lower extremities with associated radiographic changes. Idiopathic osteoporosis (IO) is considered to be a separate and distinct entity, occurring in young adults and consisting of axial osteoporosis and back pain. We describe a patient who had hybrid characteristics, both clinically and radiographically, and include iliac-crest biopsy histologic correlation. We believe that this pattern of osteoporosis in many ways resembles RMO, but with severe axial involvement; hence the term disseminated migratory osteoporosis.     

The effects of phorbol esters with different biological activities on protein kinase C

The sapintoxins are a series of naturally occurring fluorescent phorbol esters with a range of selective biological activities (e.g. pro-inflammatory but non-tumour promoting). Their ability to activate protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro has been studied. Both tumour promoting and non-promoting phorbol derivatives activate the enzyme in vitro at low concentrations. 12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate-20 acetate (DOPPA) acts as a partial agonist in the activation of protein kinase C. Structurally distinct phorbol esters may therefore preferentially activate different forms of protein kinase C. α-sapinine, a biologically inactive compound, binds to protein kinase C without stimulating the enzyme and prevents subsequent activation by phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA).