A giant aneurysm of the popliteal vein

Popliteal vein aneurysm is a rare diagnosis, associated with a 70 % risk of pulmonary embolism, sometimes even with fatal evolution. Surgery dramatically reduces the risk of pulmonary embolism. We report a case of a 66-year-old man with recurrent pulmonary embolism and a giant popliteal venous aneurysm (9.3 × 4 × 4 cm) presenting at our dermatological clinic.     

Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - Camouflaging refers to strategies used by autistic people to mask or hide social difficulties. The current study draws on Social Identity Theory to...     

Characterising the Early Presentation of Motor Difficulties in Autistic Children

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - This study aimed to explore the rates of motor difficulties in children from the Australian Autism Biobank, and how early motor concerns impacted on...     

Design and implementation of resuscitation research: special challenges and potential solutions

Evaluation of the effectiveness of resuscitation interventions is challenging. We describe these challenges, which include design, enrolment and analysis issues. Randomized trials establish if interventions work in predefined populations. "Efficacy" trials determine whether interventions work under ideal conditions. "Effectiveness" trials determine whether interventions work under usual practice conditions. These trials represent a trade-off between internal validity versus external validity. Randomized trials use random allocation of participants to interventions to produce study groups that are similar with respect to known and unknown risk factors, reduce bias in the allocation of participants, and assure that statistical tests have valid significance levels. In the emergency setting, there is a risk that treatment offered to control patients will be contaminated by providers' experiences of applying the intervention to patients receiving the experimental intervention. Frequently there is not time to obtain consent from a patient in an emergency setting. Exception from consent can be applied if certain conditions are met. Enrolment in a research study must be initiated quickly in an emergency setting or the patient will die or become disabled. In any trial, data can be used to explore different aspects of response to treatment: multiple treatments, subgroups, events; and interim analyses. We propose solutions to these challenges to help potential investigators through the myriad of difficulties in initiating trials in a complex environment. Design of simple trials that have adequate power enhances their external validity. Allocating groups of episodes to interventions by randomizing by clusters, rather than by individual patients reduces provider noncompliance. Waiver from consent for emergency research and use of novel technologies could facilitate enrolment despite time constraints. Rigorous statistical methods can be used to analyze multiple data without an excessive increase in the chance of a false-positive result.     

FIB-SEM as a Volume Electron Microscopy Approach to Study Cellular Architectures in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections: A Practical Primer for a Virologist

The visualization of cellular ultrastructure over a wide range of volumes is becoming possible by increasingly powerful techniques grouped under the rubric “volume electron microscopy” or volume EM (vEM). Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) occupies a “Goldilocks zone” in vEM: iterative and automated cycles of milling and imaging allow the interrogation of microns-thick specimens in 3-D at resolutions of tens of nanometers or less. This bestows on FIB-SEM the unique ability to aid the accurate and precise study of architectures of virus-cell interactions. Here we give the virologist or cell biologist a primer on FIB-SEM imaging in the context of vEM and discuss practical aspects of a room temperature FIB-SEM experiment. In an in vitro study of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show that accurate quantitation of viral densities and surface curvatures enabled by FIB-SEM imaging reveals SARS-CoV-2 viruses preferentially located at areas of plasma membrane that have positive mean curvatures.     

The meanings of place and space in forensic psychiatric care – A qualitative study reflecting patients’ point of view

The outcome of care for patients sentenced to forensic psychiatric care is of importance not only for the patient but also for society, in preventing new crimes. In recent years, a person‐centered perspective is influencing the care, recognizing the design of the physical environment as a therapeutic resource. To capture the complexity of patients’ experience of the physical environment, a qualitative approach is needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the meanings of the patient room as a place and space in forensic psychiatric in‐patient care from the patients’ perspective. An explorative qualitative design was chosen, data were collected by photovoice; a combination of photographs, taken by the patients, followed by interviews. Eleven (N = 11) patients were interviewed. The interviews were analysed by a thematic analysis method. Four themes emerged from the data revealing the meanings of the patient room as a place and space: (i) striving towards normality; (ii) being anchored and protected; (iii) being at‐home and homeness; and (iv) being in communion and meaningfulness. The findings show that the physical environment has a say in patients’ basic needs and a role in maintaining normality. Substandard reveals a lack of respect and dignity towards this patient group. Involving patients in the design process of new facilities can be a way to make progress.     

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Genial Spinal Canal

The aim of this anatomical study was to investigate the genial spinal canal histologically and to reconstruct it three-dimensionally to improve understanding of its anatomy and to reveal any differences between dentate and edentulous specimens. Two tissue blocks from the mandible between the left and right second incisors, one dentate and one edentulous, were fixed in 4.5% formaldehyde, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Serial histological sections were prepared, stained with Azan and examined microscopically. Additionally, three-dimensional models of the blocks were reconstructed using microphotographs of the sections. The genial spinal canal in the dentate specimen contained a neurovascular bundle, which branched into a nerve innervating the incisor and a neurovascular bundle, whereas that in the edentulous specimen contained some nerves for vestibular gingival innervation and a vascular bundle. The results suggest differences in the genial spinal canal between dentate and edentulous mandibles. Further research is needed to confirm this finding. Clin. Anat., 33:1102–1108, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.