Primary gallbladder melanoma in dysplastic nevus syndrome: report of case and literature review

A case of gallbladder malignant melanoma in a 62-year-old woman is reported. The gallbladder, resected for tumor mass seen on ultrasound examination, revealed neoplastic epithelioid cells with dark granules in the cytoplasm. These cells with pigment were positive immunohistochemically for S-100, HMB45 and vimentin. The patient, affected by dysplastic nevus syndrome, had a history of a melanoma in situ in her left upper arm that was excised 11 years ago. This is only the second case reported to date of primary malignant melanoma in dysplastic nevus syndrome.     

Metabolism of 16, 16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2-prostaglandin E1 methyl ester (ONO-802) following intravenous and vaginal administration to pregnant women

Following iv and vaginal administration of (5,6-3H2)-ONO-802 (5,6-3H2-16, 16-dimethyl-trans-delta 2-prostaglandin E1 methyl ester) the appearance of radiolabeled compounds in plasma and urine were studied in early pregnant patients. Following iv administration, ONO-802 was rapidly hydrolyzed to the free acid which disappeared from plasma with an approximate half-life of 10-15 min. About 50% of the injected amount of compound was excreted in urine during the first 24 hr after injection. The structures of 16 urinary metabolites were determined. These data demonstrated that, following hydrolysis of ONO-802 to the free acid, the latter can undergo beta- and omega-oxidation like other prostaglandin analogs where enzymatic attack of the 15-hydroxyl group has been blocked. Some of the metabolites were excreted as conjugates (sulfates, glucuronides?) and, in two, the oxo group at C-9 had been reduced to a hydroxyl. Following vaginal administration of ONO-802 (1 mg, 60 microCi) in suppository form, radioactivity corresponding to 100-200 pg/ml of ONO-802 equivalents was found in plasma. The profile of metabolites in urine was qualitatively very similar to that after iv injection of (5,6-3H2)-ONO-802. Based on the data on excretion of metabolites in urine it was calculated that 12-28% of the dose administered vaginally was resorbed into the circulation.     

Social Media and Allergy

Purpose of Review

Social media services dominate online consumption of information and play an ever expanding role in our lives. They are not only used to connect with friends and family but also to educate and recruit colleagues and patients, and to stay up-to-date with the new developments in the field of allergy and immunology.

Recent Findings

There are known risks to social media user by health care professionals mostly related to breaches of patient confidentiality, professionalism, and privacy. Malpractice and liability risks have been linked to irresponsible use of social media.

Summary

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current social media tools in allergy. We recommend a pragmatic approach to maximize social media tools for the allergy practice.