DQ Wa gives rise to a DQβ restriction fragment pattern indistinguishable from that of the DQw3.2 sub-type Of DQw3

DQ beta restriction fragment patterns have been obtained from five DRw8 cell lines homozygous for the null DQ allele, DQWa. The enzymes Bgl II, Bam HI and Pvu II generate DQ beta patterns which are indistinguishable from those obtained from cell lines homozygous for DQw3.2.     

Cell sizing in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders: an aid to differential diagnosis.

AIMS: To determine if leucocyte volume distribution analysis (LVDA), obtained using a Coulter Counter Model S Plus IV, can be used to aid differentiation of chronic lymphoproliferative disorder (CLPD) subtypes. METHODS: Mean lymphocyte volume and lymphocyte distribution width were measured on each patient (n = 90) using a hard copy of an amplified LVDA histogram. The mean lymphocyte volume was taken as the mean of the values on either side of the peak at half maximum height. The lymphocyte distribution width was taken as the range of cell values between the two values used to calibrate the mean lymphocyte volume. A template showing typical histograms from commonly occurring CLPD was also produced on an acetate sheet. This was used to examine the histogram from each new patient to evaluate its usefulness as an alternative to the calculation of mean lymphocyte volume and lymphocyte distribution width. RESULTS: Mean lymphocyte volume and lymphocyte distribution width were significantly higher in B cell lymphocytic leukaemia of mixed cell type (B CLL/PL), B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with peripheral blood spill, hairy cell leukaemia and T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia than in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B CLL). The mean lymphocyte volume, but not the lymphocyte distribution width, was also significantly higher in T cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia than in B CLL. The template gave an immediate preliminary indication of possible subtype(s) of disorder and could be used as an alternative to measurement of mean lymphocyte volume and lymphocyte distribution width. CONCLUSIONS: Electronic haematology analysers producing an LVDA provide a useful, cost effective cell sizing analysis which can aid the differentiation of subtypes of CLPD.     

Cortical potentials related to voluntary and passive finger movements recorded from subdural electrodes in humans

Movement-related potentials were recorded from subdural electrodes placed on the precentral and postcentral cortex in 3 patients undergoing operation for intractable epilepsy. With self-initiated index finger movement, a negative potential of 25 to 50 microvolts in amplitude, preceding onset of the electromyographic activity by 60 to 95 ms (or onset of movement by 150 to 230 ms), was recorded from the hand somatosensory postrolandic area in all 3 patients. A similar potential preceding the movement was recorded from the precentral hand motor area in one subject who was the only patient in whom the precentral electrodes were placed on the hand motor area. Following active and passive movements, a clearly defined positivity (18 to 32 ms after a photometer trigger) that reversed phase across the central fissure was recorded. The premovement potentials are most probably generated by pyramidal tract neurons and motor-function-related neurons located in the post- and prerolandic areas. The postmovement positivity is most probably due to short-latency kinesthetic reafferent activation of the posterior bank of the central fissure (equivalent to P2 of the somatosensory evoked potentials).     

Motivation and Maternal Presence during Induction of Anesthesia

Background: The authors developed a measure to determine whether maternal motivation to be present during induction (Motivation for Parental Presence during Induction of Anesthesia [MPPIA]) is related to children's anxiety during the induction process.

Methods: Mothers and children (aged 2-12 yr) undergoing outpatient, elective surgery and general anesthesia were enrolled in this study (n = 289 dyads). Items to assess motivation for parental presence during induction were selected by experts in anesthesiology, psychology, and child development; mothers completed the resulting 14-item measure as well as assessments of anxiety and coping style. Children's anxiety and compliance was assessed during induction of anesthesia. Factor analysis was performed, and maternal motivation was then examined against children's anxiety during induction of anesthesia.

Results: Factor analysis resulted in four scales with a total variance of 72.3%: MPPIA-Desire, MPPIA-Hesitancy, MPPIA-Anxiety, and MPPIA-Preparation. Analysis supported the reliability (0.89-0.94) and validity of the MPPIA. The authors found that mothers with high MPPIA-Desire and low MPPIA-Hesitancy had children with significantly higher anxiety (P < 0.0001) during induction of anesthesia, as compared with mothers with low MPPIA-Desire and MPPIA-Hesitancy. The authors also found that highly motivated mothers reported significantly higher levels of anxiety (P = 0.007).     

Sexual experience and use of contraception among young adults in Latin America.

Although a formal public health surveillance system has not yet been established in Latin America to document the attitudes of young people toward sex education, sexual activity, and contraception and their behaviors in these areas, representative data are available from 12 household-based Young Adult Reproductive Health Surveys conducted in seven countries since 1985. The surveys indicate that the rate of sexual experience before marriage or consensual union for males is much higher than that for females, and first sexual experience occurs at a younger age for males than for females. However, from 34% to 90% of females 20-24 years of age report having had premarital sexual relations. No more than 41% of females and 31% of males report that they or their partner used contraception at first sexual experience. Less than one-third of both young men and young women could identify the most fertile period during the menstrual cycle. The results of such surveys have provided program officials and policymakers with data to plan, implement, and evaluate interventions targeted for young adults.     

Blinded clinical evaluation of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease.

We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease under conditions similar to those encountered in the routine clinical practice of nuclear medicine. We obtained tomographic images of regional cerebral blood flow from three groups of subjects: (1) 13 subjects, ages 69 to 84, who had probable Alzheimer's disease diagnosed by validated clinical criteria; (2) 15 subjects, ages 57 to 77, who had Parkinson's disease without dementia; and (3) 11 subjects, ages 65 to 83, who were normal. Three blinded reviewers, who had not previously seen the images, categorized them as normal, bilateral temporoparietal flow defects typical of Alzheimer's disease, or other abnormality. Consensus interpretation demonstrated sensitivity of 0.38 (5/13) and specificity of 0.88 (23/26) for identifying patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the criterion of bilateral temporoparietal reduction in cerebral blood flow used in this study did not have sufficient sensitivity to be of clinical value. While other criteria may be developed to improve diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility can be established only by testing for validity in patients with a full spectrum of complicating neurologic and psychiatric conditions for whom diagnosis is uncertain and who are then followed longitudinally to determine clinical outcome or pathologic findings.     

Physical activity and quality of life in older adults: Influence of health status and self-efficacy

Background: Physical activity has been positively linked to quality of life (QOL) in older adults. Measures of health status and global well-being represent common methods of assessing QOL outcomes, yet little has been done to determine the nature of the relationship of these outcomes with physical activity.Purpose: We examined the roles played by physical activity, health status, and self-efficacy in global QOL (satisfaction with life) in a sample of older Black and White women.Method: Participants (N = 249, M age = 68.12 years) completed multiple indicators of physical activity, self-efficacy, health status, and QOL at baseline of a 24-month prospective trial. Structural equation modeling examined the fit of 3 models of the physical activity and QOL relationship.Results: Analyses indicated that relationships between physical activity and QOL, self-efficacy and QOL were all indirect. Specifically, physical activity influenced self-efficacy and QOL through physical and mental health status, which in turn influenced global QOL.Conclusions: Our findings support a social cognitives model of physical activity’s relationship with QOL. Subsequent tests of hypothesized relationships across time are recommended. Funding for this study was provided by the National Institute on Aging (Grant AG 20118). We extend our sincere appreciation to April Bell for all of her efforts on this project.     

Theta phase locking across the neocortex reflects cortico-hippocampal recursive communication during goal conflict resolution

EEG theta coherence, EEG theta power and subjective levels of response were examined in a continuous monitoring target detection task where periodic goal conflicts were introduced as 34 participants progressed through a stimulus sequence leading to response. EEG theta coherence revealed increases in phase locking between cortical areas at specific task stages involving goal conflict. Theta power also increased at points of goal conflict. The temporal characteristics of subjective response (measured continuously throughout the task) indicated a delay between participants actually experiencing goal conflict and overt indications of conflict. The starting point for the study was based on a specific aspect of Gray and McNaughton's [Gray, J.A., McNaughton, N., 2000. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford] behavioural inhibition system model—namely, septo-hippocampal system involvement in the resolution of goal conflicts. We drew on Gray and McNaughton's [Gray, J.A., McNaughton, N., 2000. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal system, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford] suggestion that septo-hippocampal involvement in this process is reflected by EEG theta. While their theory explains many of our findings, we also drew upon Given's [Givens, B., 1996. Stimulus-evoked reseting of the dentate theta rhythm: relation to working memory. Neuroreport 8 (1), 159–163] proposal that the dentate theta rhythm is reset by behaviourally relevant stimuli. We made further proposals based on Makeig et al.'s [Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T.-P., Enghoff, S., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E., Sejnowski, T.J., 2002. Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science 295, 690–694] view that specific stimulus events invoke concurrent phase resetting and transient frequency domain coherence across different areas of neocortex. Relations with Go/NoGo event related potentials (P300 and N2; e.g., [Bokura, H., Yamaguchi, S., Kobayashi, S., 2001. Electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112 (12), 2224–2232]) were also discussed, as well as parallels between our data and interpretation, and other theoretical models of theta (e.g., [Kahana, M.J., Selig, D., Madsen, J.R., 2001. Theta returns. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 739–744]). Suggestions for further research were made.