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101.
Vaginal rings for pre-exposure prophylaxis are a female-initiated HIV prevention method that does not require daily or coitally-dependent dosing. As part of a randomized placebo-controlled trial of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate intravaginal ring, we assessed product acceptability through in-depth interviews with 18 women during and after 14 days of continuous use. Women reported that the ring was comfortable with few side effects, regardless of experimental arm. However, interest in future use by this cohort was modest for several reasons including: low self-perceived HIV risk; concern that use implied promiscuity; potential for interference with relationship formation and trust; concern for interference with menstruation and cleanliness; and worries about partners’ acceptability and sexual pleasure. Potential issues were raised with duration of use prior to ring exchange. Future studies should continue to identify and address individual and relationship factors that influence acceptability, early in the product development process. 相似文献
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Miterpáková Martina Valentová Dana Čabanová Viktória Berešíková Ľudmila 《Parasitology research》2018,117(7):2347-2350
Parasitology Research - Until recently Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of serious canine heartworm disease, has been detected relatively infrequently in Central Europe in comparison with... 相似文献
105.
Laura Smith-seemiller Michael D. Franzen Dana Bowers 《The Clinical neuropsychologist》2013,27(4):421-427
Abstract The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a widely used neuropsychological measure. It can, however, be frustrating and lengthy to administer. Short forms are available, but there have been few comparisons of the short forms and full WCST in clinical samples. This study compared the full WCST to two short forms in a sample of 201 clinic patients. Our data suggest that the full- and short-forms provide similar results. Use of some published cutoff scores may, however, lead to false-positive diagnoses of impairment, particularly in older patients. We conclude that short forms have promise, but additional normative data are needed. 相似文献
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The susceptibility and severity of periodontal diseases is made more severe by diabetes, with the impact on the disease process inversely proportional to the level of glycemic control. Although type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus have different etiologies, and their impact on bone is not identical, they share many of the same complications. Studies in animals and humans agree that both forms of diabetes increase inflammatory events in periodontal tissue, impair new bone formation, and increase expression of RANKL in response to bacterial challenge. High levels of glucose, reactive oxygen species, and advanced glycation end-products are found in the periodontium of diabetic individuals and lead to increased activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Studies in animals, moreover, suggest that there are multiple cell types in periodontal tissues that are affected by diabetes, including leukocytes, vascular cells, mesenchymal stem cells, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. The etiology of periodontal disease involves the host response to bacterial challenge that is affected by diabetes, which increases the expression of RANKL and reduces coupled bone formation. In addition, the inflammatory response also modifies the oral microbiota to render it more pathogenic, as demonstrated by increased inflammation and bone loss in animals where bacteria are transferred from diabetic donors to germ-free hosts compared with transfer from normoglycemic donors. This approach has the advantage of not relying upon limited knowledge of the specific bacterial taxa to determine pathogenicity, and examines the overall impact of the microbiota rather than the presumed pathogenicity of a few bacterial groups. Thus, animal studies have provided new insights into pathogenic mechanisms that identify cause-and-effect relationships that are difficult to perform in human studies. 相似文献
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Lauren M. Hess Dana M. Foradori Geeta Singhal Patricia J. Hicks Teri L. Turner 《Academic pediatrics》2021,21(2):196-200
Competency-based assessments (CBAs) have gained traction in graduate medical education and inform important learner outcomes through the continuum of medical training. Active participation in new CBAs presents challenges to faculty working in a busy clinical environment. As such, the implementation of new CBAs can be approached with intention to foster acceptance and engagement with new evaluations. This paper describes strategies utilized to implement CBAs among clinician educators during a national assessment pilot. Our methods are grounded in educational, psychological, business, ecological, communication, and information technology theory. Our primary interventions included creating a multilevel vision, engaging a dedicated work group, incorporating quality improvement methodology, and integrating technology to successfully implement the assessments. These practical and effective interventions may also be applied to the implementation of other educational innovations. 相似文献