耳蜗外淋巴液—脑脊液屏障的高效液相色谱研究

目的：探讨耳蜗外淋巴液（ＰＬ）－脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）屏障存在的直接证据。方法：以内源性激素氢化可的松（ＨＣ）外源性激素甲泼尼龙（ＭＰ）为示踪剂,应用ＨＰＬＣ技术观察示踪剂在鼓阶外淋巴液（ＰＳＴ）、前庭外淋巴液（ＰＳＶ）、中阶内淋巴液（ＳＭＥ）、ＣＳＦ以及血液中的动力学变化特征。结果：鼓室内注射ＨＣ１ｈ后ＰＳＴ和ＰＳＶ中ＨＣ浓度几乎完全相同;注射后１￣２ｈ,ＰＳＴ,ＰＳＶ中ＨＣ浓度同步快速降低;２￣６ｈ     

Comparison of oral mucosal pH values in bulimia nervosa,GERD, BMS patients and healthy population

Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 807–811 Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the oral mucosal pH in healthy individuals to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Bulimia nervosa (BN) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Subjects and methods: Using a flat pH meter sensor, pH levels were established in eight mucosal sites in 26 healthy individuals, 26 GERD patients, 22 BN patients and 29 BMS patients. Results: A significantly lower pH was found in the BN and GERD groups (6.38 ± 00.45, 6.51 ± 0.32 respectively, P < 0.05) and a higher, but non‐significant, pH level in the BMS group (7.01 ± 0.34, P > 0.05) compared with the control (C) group (6.82 ± 0.33). Conclusions: BMS patients showed no pH differences from C group. The mucosa of BN and GERD patients was significantly acidic relative with controls; thus this simple technique may serve as a diagnostic tool for identifying gastro‐esophageal conditions.     

At the edge of translation – materials to program cells for directed differentiation

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 , 241–251 The rapid advancement in basic biology knowledge, especially in the stem cell field, has created new opportunities to develop biomaterials capable of orchestrating the behavior of transplanted and host cells. Based on our current understanding of cellular differentiation, a conceptual framework for the use of materials to program cells in situ is presented, namely a domino vs a switchboard model, to highlight the use of single vs multiple cues in a controlled manner to modulate biological processes. Further, specific design principles of material systems to present soluble and insoluble cues that are capable of recruiting, programming and deploying host cells for various applications are presented. The evolution of biomaterials from simple inert substances used to fill defects, to the recent development of sophisticated material systems capable of programming cells in situ is providing a platform to translate our understanding of basic biological mechanisms to clinical care.     

Time to solve persistent,pernicious and widespread nursing workforce shortages

Aim

This paper discusses four main strategies for addressing nursing shortages that have been persistent, widespread and growing. Fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic might offer valuable impetus to address this tenacious challenge.

Background

Nursing shortages are common, widespread and have been persistent for most of a century. Many of the reasons behind these shortages are well known and are themselves enduring, as are the types of strategies put forward for addressing them. These strategies can generally be classified into four main categories: enhancing retention, improving recruitment, encouraging return to practice and drawing on international human resources. The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest major threat to ensuring a sufficiently sized and skilled nursing workforce. Many nurses have succumbed to burnout as well the plethora of factors that predated the pandemic and have a negative impact on nurse wellbeing, turnover and intention to leave.

Sources of evidence

This discussion paper draws on international sources of evidence.

Discussion/conclusion

This paper highlights how many of the factors behind and strategies for addressing nursing shortages at the local, national and global levels are widely studied and known. A sustained combination of strategies that focus both within and beyond health and nursing, including on the broader social context, is necessary. While COVID-19 has been extremely damaging, it might present an opportunity to make sustainable, effective reforms to address nursing shortages.

Implications for policy

Knowledge users must recognise that a combination of approaches across the gamut of policies that influence nursing workforces is necessary to address nursing shortages. Attention must also focus on factors beyond nursing and healthcare if shortages are to be remedied.