Primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the cerebrum

Summary Eighteen cases of cerebral tumour composed partly or totally of primitive embryonal cells are reported. These lesions comprise 2.8% of all primary cerebral hemisphere tumours in the histopathology files of The Royal Marsden Hospital between 1971 and 1980 inclusive. Most exhibited some degree of differentiation towards neuronal or glial elements and, as more than one type of differentiation was often present in the same lesion, we agree with others that the term primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) is more appropriate to describe these lesions than terms based on histogenesis. The extent of the primitive component varied, but usually accounted for more than 80% of the tumour. Although the tumours bear some similarities to posterior fossa medulloblastomas, they exhibit important differences in histology, immunohistology, natural history and response to treatment. Nearly all PNETs examined expressed some glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP) both in primitive areas and zones of astrocytic differentiation. GFAP staining may thus be of value in distinguishing PNETs from undifferentiated non-neurogenic tumours. Of 14 patients referred for radiotherapy, the survival rate at 3 years was 29% (\414) and 5 years 25% (\312). Patients with tumours in which at least 90% of the tissue was undifferentiated exhibited an extremely poor prognosis with none of 9 patients still alive at 3 years in contrast to 3 of 5 patients (60%) with tumours showing less than 90% undifferentiation. Radical tumour removal, where feasible, followed by irradiation of the whole cerebrospinal axis is recommended. Adjuvant chemotherapy with such agents as CCNU and Vincristine may be of value: the 3 long term survivors in the present series (7–11 years), including one who presented disseminated intracranial disease, received such adjuvant treatment.     

COPD呼吸衰竭患者面罩式气道双正压机械通气治疗

0　引言　慢性阻塞性肺部疾病 (COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者常需鼻或气管插管 (或切开 )进行机械通气治疗 .气管插管为创伤性 ,并发症多 ,病死率高 .本院用面罩式双正压机械通气治疗取得一定疗效 .1　材料和方法1.1　材料　 1996 /1998年本院呼吸科住院患者 41(男 32 ,女9)例 ,平均年龄 71(6 2～ 88)岁 ,均为 COPD合并 型呼吸衰竭 ,依据广州全国慢性支气管炎临床专业会议鉴定标准诊断 .1.2　呼吸机　为美国伟康医疗产品集团公司生产的双正压机械呼吸机 (Bipap呼吸机 ) .1.3　方法　患者半卧位 ,吸气压从 6 cm H2 O,呼气压从2 cm H2 O开始 …     

A thematic analysis of the perceptions of a community-based exercise program on the health and well-being of ageing adults

This study explores a weekly community-based exercise program (CBEP) for ageing adults in Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. This program aims to improve the health and well-being of ageing adults and was evaluated using an exploratory qualitative study design. Four focus group discussions and two individual interviews were conducted before a thematic analysis using Braun & Clark's (2006) six-step approach. A total of 23 participants were involved in the study over a 6-week period. The thematic analysis resulted in two main themes: (a) meeting community needs and (b) benefits to health and well-being. Five minor themes stemmed from these two themes, in which participants identified that a service gap existed within the community and the program was adaptive in its design to meet community needs. Participants reported benefits to health and well-being, specifically perceived improved mobility and independence, social connections and ‘recharging the batteries to feel good’. The inclusion of Tai Chi exercises was noted for increased vitality and pain management benefits. The role of the exercise instructor was deemed to be instrumental to the success of the CBEP. The CBEP provides motivation for older adults to attend, increasing physical activity. Future CBEPs for ageing adults should provide a social component and relevant health education for participants. Exercises should be safely adapted by the exercise instructor to suit people of various abilities and to promote a more ‘inclusive’ environment.