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41.
Howard C Becker PhD Carrie L Randall PhD 《Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research》1987,11(3):240-242
This study investigated whether female offspring of alcohol-treated mothers are, themselves, more or less susceptible than control offspring to the deleterious effects of alcohol on the outcome of their own pregnancy. One group of pregnant C57BL mice was fed a liquid diet containing 25% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) and another group was pair-fed an isocaloric (0% EDC) control diet. A third group was fed lab chow ad libitum (LC). The female offspring resulting from those matings were subsequently mated upon reaching 90 days of age. These pregnant mice were then separated into three prenatal treatments (25% EDC, 0% EDC, and LC). On gestation-day 19, second generation fetuses were removed by cesarean section, weighed, and sexed. Results indicated that number of implants, live births, and percent prenatal mortality did not differ between groups. However, fetal weight was lower in groups prenatally exposed to ethanol than in controls, regardless of the prenatal history of the mothers, themselves. More importantly, the data suggest that offspring of alcohol-treated mothers who do not consume alcohol themselves during their own pregnancy may still have a tendency to have offspring of lower birth weight. On the other hand, if mothers prenatally exposed to alcohol do consume alcohol during their own pregnancy, the impact of fetal weight suppression is even greater than expected for in utero alcohol exposure alone. These effects may be due to the fact that mothers who were prenatally exposed to alcohol weighed less than controls at the time of becoming pregnant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Kayla M. Smith Carrie J. Byron James A. Sulikowski 《Marine and coastal fisheries : dynamics, management , and ecosystem science.》2016,8(1):476-491
Historically, multiple species of diadromous fishes served as a coastal food source for commercially valuable nearshore predators. However, severe declines in diadromous fish populations in the nearshore Gulf of Maine (GOM) have impacted trophic dynamics and increased pressure on other estuarine-dependent forage resources. The objective of this study was to compare the trophic positions and interspecific interactions of diadromous fishes as predators and prey in relation to current GOM forage fishes. Empirical biomass data along with diet compositions and vital rates were used to construct a static model of a representative GOM coastal food web: the Saco River estuary (SRE) in Maine. A series of sensitivity analyses based on model outputs was performed to determine the trophic role of diadromous fishes in this estuarine food web. Model results suggested that juvenile marine transients played a greater role as forage species for SRE predators than did the anadromous Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis and Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Due to the abundant forage fish base, Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus and Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum were estimated to have a greater trophic position than reported in past literature. Lower-trophic-level fishes functioned as keystone prey species for sturgeon. The use of holistic approaches to update the ecological data on predator–prey interactions among diadromous fishes and forage resources within coastal ecosystems is necessary for the future management of these ecologically significant and threatened species.
Received January 4, 2016; accepted May 20, 2016 相似文献
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John C. Benson Vance T. Lehman Carrie M. Carr John T. Wald Harry J. Cloft Giuseppe Lanzino Waleed Brinjikji 《Journal of neuroradiology. Journal de neuroradiologie》2021,48(1):51-60
The common carotid artery (CCA) and extracranial internal carotid artery are subject to a wide variety of non-atheromatous pathologies. These entities are often overshadowed in both research and clinical realms by atherosclerotic disease. Nevertheless, non-atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries may have profound, even devastating, neurologic consequences. Hence, this review will cover both common and uncommon forms of extracranial carotid artery pathologies in a pictorial format, in order to aid the diagnostician in identifying and differentiating such pathologies. 相似文献
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Michelle Howard Carole A. Robinson Michael McKenzie Gillian Fyles Louise Hanvey Doris Barwich Carrie Bernard Dawn Elston Amy Tan Lorenz Yeung Daren K. Heyland 《Patient education and counseling》2021,104(4):709-714
BackgroundTools for advance care planning (ACP) are advocated to help ensure patient values guide healthcare decisions. Evaluation of the effect of tools introduced to patients in clinical settings is needed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of the Canadian Speak Up Campaign tools on engagement in advance care planning (ACP), with patients attending outpatient clinics.Patient involvement: Patients were not involved in the problem definition or solution selection in this study but members of the public were involved in development of tools. The measurement of impacts involved patients.MethodsThis was a prospective pre-post study in 15 primary care and two outpatient cancer clinics. The outcome was scores on an Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey measuring Behavior Change Process on 5-point scales and Actions (0?21-point scale) administered before and six weeks after using a tool, with reminders at two or four weeks.Results177 of 220 patients (81%) completed the study (mean 68 years of age, 16% had cancer). Mean Behavior Change Process scores were 2.9 at baseline and 3.5 at follow-up (mean change 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 0.7; large effect size of 0.8). Mean Action Measure score was 3.7 at baseline and 4.8 at follow-up (mean change 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.6–1.5; small effect size of 0.2).Practical valuePublicly available ACP tools may have utility in clinical settings to initiate ACP among patients. More time and motivation may be required to stimulate changes in patient behaviors related to ACP. 相似文献
46.
Identifying Range-of-Motion Deficits and Talocrural Joint Laxity After an Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain
Bethany A. Wisthoff Carrie L. Docherty Joseph Glutting Geoff Gustavsen Todd D. Royer Charles Buz
Swanik Thomas W. Kaminski 《Journal of Athletic Training》2021,56(4):408
ContextApproximately 72% of patients with an ankle sprain report residual symptoms 6 to 18 months later. Although 44% of patients return to activity in less than 24 hours after experiencing a sprain, residual symptoms should be evaluated in the long term to determine if deficits exist. These residual symptoms may be due to the quality of ligament tissue and motion after injury.ObjectiveTo compare mechanical laxity of the talocrural joint and dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) over time (24 to 72 hours, 2 to 4 weeks, and 6 months) after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAthletic training research laboratory.Patients or Other ParticipantsA total of 108 volunteers were recruited. Fifty-five participants had an acute LAS and 53 participants were control individuals without a history of LAS.Main Outcome Measure(s)Mechanical laxity (talofibular interval and anterior talofibular ligament length) was measured in inversion (INV) and via the anterior drawer test. The weight-bearing lunge test was conducted and DFROM was measured. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, independent-samples t tests, and 1-way analysis of variance.ResultsOf the 55 LASs, 21 (38%) were grade I, 27 (49%) were grade II, and 7 (13%) were grade III. Increases were noted in DFROM over time, between 24 and 72 hours, at 2 to 4 weeks, and at 6 months (P < .05). The DFROM was less in participants with grade III than grade I LASs (P = .004) at 24 to 72 hours; INV length was greater at 24 to 72 hours than at 2 to 4 weeks (P = .023) and at 6 months (P = .035) than at 24 to 72 hours. The anterior drawer length (P = .001) and INV talofibular interval (P = .004) were greater in the LAS group than in the control group at 6 months.ConclusionsDifferences in range of motion and laxity were evident among grades at various time points and may indicate different clinical responses after an LAS. 相似文献
47.
Angela Fagerlin Michael Pignone Purva Abhyankar Nananda Col Deb Feldman-Stewart Teresa Gavaruzzi Jennifer Kryworuchko Carrie A Levin Arwen H Pieterse Valerie Reyna Anne Stiggelbout Laura D Scherer Celia Wills Holly O Witteman 《BMC medical informatics and decision making》2013,13(Z2):S8
Background
Consensus guidelines have recommended that decision aids include a process for helping patients clarify their values. We sought to examine the theoretical and empirical evidence related to the use of values clarification methods in patient decision aids.Methods
Building on the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration’s 2005 review of values clarification methods in decision aids, we convened a multi-disciplinary expert group to examine key definitions, decision-making process theories, and empirical evidence about the effects of values clarification methods in decision aids. To summarize the current state of theory and evidence about the role of values clarification methods in decision aids, we undertook a process of evidence review and summary.Results
Values clarification methods (VCMs) are best defined as methods to help patients think about the desirability of options or attributes of options within a specific decision context, in order to identify which option he/she prefers. Several decision making process theories were identified that can inform the design of values clarification methods, but no single “best” practice for how such methods should be constructed was determined. Our evidence review found that existing VCMs were used for a variety of different decisions, rarely referenced underlying theory for their design, but generally were well described in regard to their development process. Listing the pros and cons of a decision was the most common method used. The 13 trials that compared decision support with or without VCMs reached mixed results: some found that VCMs improved some decision-making processes, while others found no effect.Conclusions
Values clarification methods may improve decision-making processes and potentially more distal outcomes. However, the small number of evaluations of VCMs and, where evaluations exist, the heterogeneity in outcome measures makes it difficult to determine their overall effectiveness or the specific characteristics that increase effectiveness.48.
Associations of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D With Bone Mineral Density,Bone Mineral Density Change,and Incident Nonvertebral Fracture 下载免费PDF全文
Christine M Swanson Priya Srikanth Christine G Lee Steven R Cummings Ivo Jans Jane A Cauley Roger Bouillon Dirk Vanderschueren Eric S Orwoll Carrie M Nielson for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men MrOS Study Research Group 《Journal of bone and mineral research》2015,30(8):1403-1413
Relationships between 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and skeletal outcomes are uncertain. We examined the associations of 1,25(OH)2D with bone mineral density (BMD), BMD change, and incident non‐vertebral fractures in a cohort of older men and compared them with those of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). The study population included 1000 men (aged 74.6 ± 6.2 years) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, of which 537 men had longitudinal dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) data (4.5 years of follow‐up). A case‐cohort design and Cox proportional hazards models were used to test the association between vitamin D metabolite levels and incident nonvertebral and hip fractures. Linear regression models were used to estimate the association between vitamin D measures and baseline BMD and BMD change. Interactions between 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D were tested for each outcome. Over an average follow‐up of 5.1 years, 432 men experienced incident nonvertebral fractures, including 81 hip fractures. Higher 25OHD was associated with higher baseline BMD, slower BMD loss, and lower hip fracture risk. Conversely, men with higher 1,25(OH)2D had lower baseline BMD. 1,25(OH)2D was not associated with BMD loss or nonvertebral fracture. Compared with higher levels of calcitriol, the risk of hip fracture was higher in men with the lowest 1,25(OH)2D levels (8.70 to 51.60 pg/mL) after adjustment for baseline hip BMD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–3.33). Adjustment of 1,25(OH)2D data for 25OHD (and vice versa) had little effect on the associations observed but did attenuate the hip fracture association of both vitamin D metabolites. In older men, higher 1,25(OH)2D was associated with lower baseline BMD but was not related to the rate of bone loss or nonvertebral fracture risk. However, with BMD adjustment, a protective association for hip fracture was found with higher 1,25(OH)2D. The associations of 25OHD with skeletal outcomes were generally stronger than those for 1,25(OH)2D. These results do not support the hypothesis that measures of 1,25(OH)2D improve the ability to predict adverse skeletal outcomes when 25OHD measures are available. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 相似文献
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