Population survey of CCR5 delta32, CCR5 m303, CCR2b 64I,and SDF1 3'A allele frequencies in indigenous Chinese healthy individuals,and in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals in HIV-1 risk groups

The aim of this study is to determine in indigenous Chinese ethnic groups the frequencies of the chemokine (SDF1 3'A) and chemokine receptors (CCR5 delta32, CCR5 m303, and CCR2b 64I) HIV-1/AIDS restriction alleles. The study includes two cohorts; the first comprised 3165 indigenous healthy subjects representing eight ethnic groups: Han (n = 1406), Uygur (n = 316), Mongolia (n = 134), Hui (n = 386), Tibetan (n = 330), Zhuang (n = 378), Dai (n = 101), and Jingbo (n =114). The second cohort consisted of 330 HIV-1-infected (86 subjects infected by sexual transmission and 198 subjects infected by HIV-1-contaminated blood or by sharing injection equipment; the remaining 46 subjects said nothing about HIV-1 transmission) and 474 HIV-1-uninfected Han Chinese belonging to one of two HIV-1 high-risk groups: intravenous drug users (n = 215) and individuals with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 259). Genotypes for the four genes were obtained using PCR (CCR5 delta32) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Randomly selected amplified PCR products were further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The variant allele frequencies were determined to be 0% to 3.48% for CCR5 delta32, 0% for CCR5 m303, 16.23% to 28.79% for CCR2b 64I, and 17.70% to 27.76% for SDF1 3'A in Chinese healthy individuals from eight ethnic groups. These findings show that allele frequencies differ among the eight Chinese ethnic groups for CCR5 delta32, CCR2b 64I, and SDF1 3'A and that the CCR5 m303 and CCR5 delta32 mutant alleles were absent or infrequent in Chinese, which may be helpful for studies of specific anti-HIV-1 vaccine trials and coreceptor inhibitor drug targets in Chinese populations. Furthermore, we observed no significant differences in allele or genotypic frequencies between HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected groups from the Han ethnic group. Our finding is the first reporting that there is likely no effect of the examined polymorphisms in our study on HIV-1 transmission in the Chinese Han population, However, the genetic effects of these and other AIDS-modifying polymorphisms on the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of HIV-1/AIDS diseases is under investigation in Chinese populations.     

Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways

We previously identified the major pathological changes in the respiratory and immune systems of patients who died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) but gained little information on the organ distribution of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In the present study, we used a murine monoclonal antibody specific for SARS-CoV nucleoprotein, and probes specific for a SARS-CoV RNA polymerase gene fragment, for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively, to detect SARS-CoV systematically in tissues from patients who died of SARS. SARS-CoV was found in lung, trachea/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal gland, liver and cerebrum, but was not detected in oesophagus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, ovary, uterus or muscle. These results suggest that, in addition to the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and other organs with detectable SARS-CoV may also be targets of SARS-CoV infection. The pathological changes in these organs may be caused directly by the cytopathic effect mediated by local replication of the SARS-CoV; or indirectly as a result of systemic responses to respiratory failure or the harmful immune response induced by viral infection. In addition to viral spread through a respiratory route, SARS-CoV in the intestinal tract, kidney and sweat glands may be excreted via faeces, urine and sweat, thereby leading to virus transmission. This study provides important information for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection and sheds light on possible virus transmission pathways. This data will be useful for designing new strategies for prevention and treatment of SARS.     

Inhibitory effect of intrathecal meptazinol on carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats

The effect of meptazinol in the spinal cord on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia was investigated. The latency of paw withdrawal (PWL) to a thermal stimulus was used as an index of inflammatory hyperalgesia in awake rats. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of 10 and 100 microg meptazinol markedly increased the PWL of the carrageenan-injected paw (P<0.01). The PWL of the non-injected paw was not detectably affected by the administration of meptazinol at the doses tested. I.t. injection of naloxone (5 microg) or atropine (1 microg) alone exhibited no effect on the PWLs of either the carrageenan-injected or non-injected paw. Pretreatment with naloxone, but not atropine, completely blocked the meptazinol-induced anti-hyperalgesia. These observations suggested that mu opioid receptor rather than muscarinic acetylcholine receptor may be involved in the anti-hyperalgesia of meptazinol in the spinal cord.     

引导管芯在更换经口气管导管的应用

目的 观察应用引导管芯做引导，更换经口气管内导管的临床效果。方法 随机选择26例已完成气管内插管的病人，将引导管芯插入气管导管内至隆突水平，并拔出气管导管；将欲更换的气管导管套在引导管芯外，在管芯引导下将气管导管插入气管内，完成换置；结果 全部病例均顺利完成更换导管，换管过程中病人氧合良好，术后未发生与更换导管相关并发症；结论 应用引导管芯更换气管内导管，方法安全，简便易行，可替代传统换管方法。     

Narrowly Distributed Surfactant‐Free Polystyrene Latex with a Water‐Soluble Comonomer

Summary: The surfactant‐free synthesis of latex polymers of styrene and sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS) was investigated. The development of size and size distribution of the particles was studied by photo‐correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The effects of NaSS concentration and the order of addition of reactants were examined in detail. The results showed that the particle size decreases with an increase in the styrene sulfonate concentration. The polydispersity index can be reduced by mixing NaSS with styrene homogeneously before adding initiator, but this leads to a slightly larger mean particle size.

TEM image of surfactant‐free polystyrene latex made by the modified method.     

Effects of a Short-Term “Fat Adaptation with Carbohydrate Restoration” Diet on Metabolic Responses and Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Runners

Periodized carbohydrate availability can enhance exercise capacity, but the effects of short-term fat adaptation carbohydrate restoration (FACR) diets on metabolic responses and exercise performance in endurance athletes have not been conclusively determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a FACR diet on measures of resting metabolism, exercise metabolism, and exercise performance. Well-trained male runners (n = 8) completed a FACR dietary intervention (five days’ carbohydrate < 20% and fat > 60% energy, plus one-day carbohydrate ≥ 70% energy), and a control high-carbohydrate (HCHO) diet for six days (carbohydrate > 60% energy; fat < 20% energy) in a randomized crossover design. Pre- and post-intervention metabolic measures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum fat oxidation rate during exercise (MFO), and maximum fat oxidation intensity (FATmax). Measures of exercise performance included maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), running economy (RE), and 5 km running time trial (5 km-TT). In FACR compared with HCHO, there were significant improvements in FATmax (p = 0.006) and RE (p = 0.048). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between FACR and HCHO in RMR, RQ, VO₂max, or 5 km-TT. Findings suggest that a short-term (six days) FACR diet may facilitate increased fat oxidation and submaximal exercise economy but does not improve 5 km-TT performance.     

血肿穿刺抽吸治疗对高血压性脑出血患者血糖及按期预后的影响

目的：探讨治疗创伤对高血压性脑出血患者血糖及按期预后的影响。方法：采用局麻血肿穿刺抽吸治疗（治疗组32例）及全麻外科手术血肿清除治疗（对照组30例）,比较术后的血糖变化,结果：治疗组血肿穿刺抽吸后血糖高峰值水平显著低于对照组（P＜0．01）,而治疗后第1,2,周血糖降至正常者治疗组显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）,病死率治疗组6．25％,对照组26．7％）,两组比较差异显著（P＜0．05）,结论：高血压性脑出血患者血肿穿刺抽吸治疗较外科手术血肿清除治疗有血糖峰值低,恢复正常的速度快,病死率低,对脑组织的损伤小等优点,值得临床推广。     

五年住院病人医院感染率分析

目的 :了解五年中医院感染的动态变化情况 ,为控制医院感染提供依据。方法 :科室自报和专职人员补漏相结合 ,发现医院感染病例 ,调查所有住院病人。结果 :1994年 7月～ 1998年 10月 ,某医院住院病人共计 5 9413例 ,发生医院感染 362 2例次 ,总医院感染率 6 10 % ,1994～ 1998年感染率分别为 8 0 5 %、7 98%、6 16%、4 97%、4 5 1% ,呈持续下降。部位例次感染率以上呼吸道最高 ( 2 67% ) ,手术伤口 ( 1 15 % )次之 ,下呼吸道感染率( 1 0 8% )居第三位 ,但不同年份的不同部位感染率的位次略有变化 ,外科、儿科、内科感染率分别为 9 0 3%、8 0 6%和 6 70 % ,居前三位。但不同年份不同科室所居位次变化较大。结论 :医院感染率的持续下降 ,原因是多方面的 ,但监测工作对感染率的降低所起的作用 ,是不容忽视的。在医院感染控制时应以上一年的监测结果为依据 ,把感染率最高的科室作为重点 ,查找其感染率高的原因 ,并采取相应控制措施 ,降低其医院感染率。这样交替进行 ,最终将能达到降低全院感染率之目的     

脑囊虫病综合干预治疗前瞻性研究

目的：探讨综合干预治疗脑囊虫病的效果。方法：用不同抗囊药物治疗方案,不同抗囊治疗时间,脱水剂和皮质激素及手术进行综合干预。结果：约束抗囊治疗后1年回访,吡喹酮,阿苯达唑联合用药优于单剂用药（P＜0．05）,接受抗囊治疗时间越早效果越好（P＜0．05）,应用脱水剂,皮质激素组和手术组其有效率明显高于非应用组（P＜0．05）,后遗症发生率亦大大降低（P＜0．05）,结论：四种方法综合干预可大大提高脑囊虫病治愈率,明显减轻患者后遗症的发生。     

前列腺癌穿刺活检组织中端粒酶活性检测及意义

目的;探讨前列腺穿刺活检标本中端粒酶（TE）活性检测在前列腺癌（PCA）诊断、鉴别诊断及评估PCA生物学行为中的意义。方法：应用端粒重复片段扩增法（TRAP法）检测疑为前列腺癌患者的前列腺穿刺活检标本的TE活性,并比较TE活性水平与PCA病理分化程度及转移情况的关系。结果：PCA组织中TE活性明显高于前列腺增生（BPH）组织。PCA组织中TE活性水平与其病理分化程度及转移情况相关。结论：PCA患者的前列有朱穿刺活检组织中的TE活性显著高于BPH者,且与其病理分化程度及转移情况相关。提示TE可能成为PCA早期诊断及鉴别诊断的一项新的分子瘤标,并可能与PCA的生物学行为相关。