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41.
Bailey R. House Joan B. Silk Joseph Henrich H. Clark Barrett Brooke A. Scelza Adam H. Boyette Barry S. Hewlett Richard McElreath Stephen Laurence 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2013,110(36):14586-14591
Humans are an exceptionally cooperative species, but there is substantial variation in the extent of cooperation across societies. Understanding the sources of this variability may provide insights about the forces that sustain cooperation. We examined the ontogeny of prosocial behavior by studying 326 children 3–14 y of age and 120 adults from six societies (age distributions varied across societies). These six societies span a wide range of extant human variation in culture, geography, and subsistence strategies, including foragers, herders, horticulturalists, and urban dwellers across the Americas, Oceania, and Africa. When delivering benefits to others was personally costly, rates of prosocial behavior dropped across all six societies as children approached middle childhood and then rates of prosociality diverged as children tracked toward the behavior of adults in their own societies. When prosocial acts did not require personal sacrifice, prosocial responses increased steadily as children matured with little variation in behavior across societies. Our results are consistent with theories emphasizing the importance of acquired cultural norms in shaping costly forms of cooperation and creating cross-cultural diversity. 相似文献
42.
Background: Contemporary neuropsychological studies suggest that cerebellar lesions may impact upon higher‐level cognitive functioning via mechanisms of crossed cerebello‐cerebral diaschisis. Accordingly, right cerebellar lesions have been previously associated with linguistic impairments such as reduced word fluency and agrammatic output. Recently, however, neuroimaging investigations have also identified ipsilateral cerebral hypoperfusion as a consequence of cerebellar lesions, implicating a potential role for the left cerebellum in the mediation of language processes. Aims: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of left cerebellar lesions of vascular origin, on general as well as high‐level language skills. Methods & Procedures: Linguistic profiles were compiled for five individuals with left primary cerebellar lesions utilising a comprehensive language test battery. Individual scores relevant to each subtest were compared to a group of non‐neurologically impaired controls. The criterion for anomalous performance was established as ≥ 1.5 SD below the mean of the control group. Outcomes & Results: The findings of this research suggest that higher‐level language deficits may result from left primary cerebellar lesions. All participants demonstrated deficits on measures of word fluency, sentence construction within a set context, producing word definitions, and producing multiple definitions for the same word. Deficits were also noted for several participants on measures of understanding figurative language, forming word associations, identifying and correcting semantic absurdities, and producing synonyms and antonyms. Conclusions: The results presented challenge the notion of a lateralised linguistic cerebellum, supporting a potential role for the left as well as right cerebellar hemispheres in the regulation of language processes, presumably via cerebellar‐basal ganglia/thalamo‐cortical pathways. 相似文献
43.
Henderikus J. Stam Patricia A. McGrath Ralph I. Brooke Frances Cosier 《The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis》2013,61(3):182-191
The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) of Spanos, Radtke, Hodgins, Bertrand 3 and Stam and Spanos, Radtke, Hodgins, Stam, and Bertrand (1983) was individually administered to a sample of 61 facial pain patients. The mean scores on the 3 CURSS suggestibility dimensions were higher than those of the college student norms. As in previous studies using the CURSS, however, objective scores were smaller when experienced involuntariness was taken into account. Observer scores of overt responses were highly related to self-scores of overt responses. The CURSS also proved a good predictor of reductions in clinical pain following a psychologically based treatment program. 相似文献
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High‐resolution analysis of central nervous system expression patterns in zebrafish Gal4 enhancer‐trap lines 下载免费PDF全文
46.
Adam G. Culvenor Brooke E. Patterson Ali Guermazi Hayden G. Morris Timothy S. Whitehead Kay M. Crossley 《PM & R》2018,10(4):349-356
Background
A timely return to competitive sport is a primary goal of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It is not known whether an accelerated return to sport increases the risk of early-onset knee osteoarthritis (KOA).Objective
To determine whether an accelerated return to sport post-ACLR (ie, <10 months) is associated with increased odds of early KOA features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 year after surgery and to evaluate the relationship between an accelerated return to sport and early KOA features stratified by type of ACL injury (isolated or concurrent chondral/meniscal injury) and lower limb function (good or poor).Design
Cross-sectional study.Setting
Private radiology clinic and university laboratory.Participants
A total of 111 participants (71 male; mean age 30 ± 8 years) 1-year post-ACLR.Methods
Participants completed a self-report questionnaire regarding postoperative return-to-sport data (specific sport, postoperative month first returned), and isotropic 3-T MRI scans were obtained.Outcome Measures
Early KOA features (bone marrow, cartilage and meniscal lesions, and osteophytes) assessed with the MRI OA Knee Score. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the odds of early KOA features with an accelerated return to sport (<10 months post-ACLR versus ≥10 months or no return to sport) in the total cohort and stratified by type of ACL injury and lower limb function.Results
Forty-six (41%) participants returned to competitive sport <10 months post-ACLR. An early return to sport was associated with significantly increased odds of bone marrow lesions (odds ratio [OR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-6.0) but not cartilage (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.5-2.6) or meniscal lesions (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.4-1.8) or osteophytes (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.3-1.4). In those with poor lower limb function, early return to sport exacerbated the odds of bone marrow lesions (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.6-13.5), whereas stratified analyses for type of ACL injury did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion
An accelerated return to sport, particularly in the presence of poor lower limb function, may be implicated in posttraumatic KOA development.Level of evidence
IV 相似文献47.
Jerraco L. Johnson Benjamin Miedema Brooke Converse Doris Hill Alice M. Buchanan Claire Bridges J. Megan Irwin Mary E. Rudisill Melissa Pangelinan 《Journal of developmental and physical disabilities》2018,30(3):427-437
The aim of this study was to compare the influence of two different instructional climates on the accumulation of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during a fully-inclusive adapted recreational physical activity program. A total of 32 children (18 typically-developing (TD), and 14 with developmental disabilities (DD) ranging in ages from 5 to 9 years, participated in six, 60-min adapted recreational sessions. Of those six sessions, three incorporated an autonomy-supportive climate (high autonomy), and three incorporated direct instruction (low autonomy). MVPA was measured using accelerometers. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine significant differences in MVPA between group (TD/DD), climate (autonomy/direct), and a group x climate interaction. Significant group and climate main effects were observed (p?=?0.002 and 0.014, respectively). However, there was not a significant group x climate interaction (p?=?0.313). These results suggest that although the group of children with disabilities spent less time in MVPA compared to their typically-developing peers, all participants spent more time in MVPA for the autonomy-supportive climate compared to the low-autonomous climate. This study is the first to quantitatively assess the efficacy of a fully-inclusive autonomy-supportive climate on physical activity levels in children with and without developmental disabilities. 相似文献
48.
Erin L. Hickey Erika K. Dumke Rollin L. Ballentine Brooke L. Brown 《Journal of interprofessional care》2018,32(2):250-253
Negative perceptions or underdeveloped understanding of healthcare team member roles can impact the functionality of the team and stunt innovations in interprofessional practice and education. Therefore, the intent of this study was to explore the perception of pharmacists’ role on the healthcare team by future team members: prospective health professional students. The study utilised a survey to examine these perceptions in prospective health professional students (n = 34) nearing the application process to health professional school. A coding process was used to explore open-ended text responses through a line-by-line analysis and identify emerging themes regarding perception of pharmacists’ roles, responsibilities, and practice settings. Quantitative data examined perception of pharmacists by intended prospective profession, healthcare experience, and pharmacy experience. Results indicate that while prospective health professional students find pharmacists to be an important part of the healthcare team, they lack a developed understanding of pharmacists’ roles, responsibilities, and practice settings. Identifying and addressing prospective health professional students’ misperceptions surrounding pharmacists’ roles and responsibilities may encourage them to make informed career decisions and shape them into more knowledgeable future professionals with the ability to better impact patient care on interprofessional teams. 相似文献
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Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia to Reduce Chronic Migraine: A Sequential Bayesian Analysis 下载免费PDF全文