A longitudinal study of otitis media with effusion among 2- to 5-year-old African-American children in child care

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively document the prevalence of otitis media with effusion (OME) in 86 African-American children between ages 2 and 5 years. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-six children in center-based child care whose ear status had been followed from infancy continued to be observed. Middle ear status was assessed by pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry biweekly. RESULTS: The prevalence of OME decreased as children became older. The mean proportion of examinations demonstrating bilateral OME (BOME) ranged from 12% between 24 to 30 months to 4% between 54 to 60 months of age. The mean proportion of exams revealing bilateral normal ears increased from 77% at 24 to 30 months to 88% at 54 to 60 months of age. Although 60 children had experienced BOME that lasted 4 months or longer in the 6- to 24-month age period, only 8 of these children experienced at least 4 months of continuous BOME between 24 to 60 months. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of time with BOME decreased progressively with increasing age in this population. Only 8 of 60 children who had experienced more than 4 consecutive months of BOME before 2 years of age continued to manifest persistent effusion or experience recurrences of prolonged BOME after 2 years of age.     

Naringin ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and associated mitochondrial dysfunction,apoptosis and inflammation in rats: Possible mechanism of nephroprotection

Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity has been well documented, although its underlying mechanisms and preventive strategies remain to be investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of naringin, a bioflavonoid, on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and to elucidate the potential mechanism. Serum specific renal function parameters (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) and histopathology of kidney tissues were evaluated to assess the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Renal oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), inflammatory (NF-kB [p65], TNF-α, IL-6 and MPO) and apoptotic (caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and DNA fragmentation) markers were also evaluated. Significant decrease in mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial redox activity indicated the gentamicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Naringin (100 mg/kg) treatment along with gentamicin restored the mitochondrial function and increased the renal endogenous antioxidant status. Gentamicin induced increased renal inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), nuclear protein expression of NF-κB (p65) and NF-κB-DNA binding activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly decreased upon naringin treatment. In addition, naringin treatment significantly decreased the amount of cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and p53 protein expression and increased the Bcl-2 protein expression. Naringin treatment also ameliorated the extent of histologic injury and reduced inflammatory infiltration in renal tubules. U-HPLS-MS data revealed that naringin co-administration along with gentamicin did not alter the renal uptake and/or accumulation of gentamicin in kidney tissues. These findings suggest that naringin treatment attenuates renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis in the kidney.     

我院2017-2019年深部抗真菌药物利用分析

目的:分析评价某三甲专科医院2017-2019深部抗真菌药物的临床使用情况,为深部抗真菌药物的合理规范使用提供参考.方法:利用信息系统,采用金额排序法和用药频度排序法对某三甲专科医院2017-2019年深部抗真菌药物进行统计分析.结果:2017-2019年该院深部抗真菌药物销售金额及所占比例有逐步下降趋势,使用频度排在...     

2015 - 2018年陕西省死因监测网报病例来源分析

目的 解陕西省死因监测病例来源分布,为提高死因监测数据的完整性和准确性提供依据。方法 从《中国疾病预防控制信息系统 - 死因报告信息系统》中导出的陕西省13个国家级死因监测点2015 - 2018年的网报数据进行分析。结果 2015 - 2018年陕西省13个国家级监测点共报告死亡病例129 740例,其中男性75 773例,女性53 688例。分别报告32 489例、33 212例、31 533例和32 227例死亡病例,各年性别比例均衡,趋势无统计学意义（趋势χ2 = 1.84,P = 0.17）。死亡病例主要来源于乡镇卫生院,占58.80%～61.51%,其次为社区卫生服务中心和县及县以上综合医院,二者分别报告占17.60%～19.81%和17.19%～18.69%（趋势χ2 = 27.79,P＜0.01）,在家中死亡的比例占绝大多数,73.06%～76.52%,死于医疗卫生机构的占17.67%～19.93%（趋势χ2 = 38.81,P＜0.01）。死亡病例生前最高诊断单位以二级医院（占46.36%～49.93%）和三级医院（占41.75%～45.63%）为主（趋势χ2 = 48.80,P＜0.01）,最高诊断依据以临床+理化为主（占60.74%～63.57%）。结论 陕西省死因监测中发现虽然大多数病人在二级或三级医院就诊,且这一比例逐年提高,但绝大多数死亡病例死于家中,主要由乡镇卫生院专干完成死亡病例卡网报。因此,在今后工作中应加强对乡镇卫生院及社区卫生服务中心的培训,定期开展数据查漏补报和质量核查工作。     

西安市50岁以上居民食物频率问卷准确性及重现性研究

目的对用于评价西安城区居民膳食营养状况的西安食物频率问卷(FFQ)的重现性和准确性进行食物组的研究。方法在西安城区随机抽取出125名50～80岁当地居民,共完成6轮的食物摄入情况的调查,其中4轮24小时膳食回顾调查(24HDRs)的结果作为参考,通过第一轮FFQ结果与第二轮FFQ以及4轮24HDRs结果之间的比较分别进行FFQ的重现性和准确性研究。结果各个食物组在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0.38(糕点类)～0.74(茶类)。第二轮FFQ与4轮24HDRs均值间的相关系数在0.12～0.74之间,经过个体内方差校正后,相关系数均有所提高。结论西安食物频率问卷可以相对准确、可靠地评价西安城区50岁以上居民的膳食营养状况。     

老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的合理用药策略

目的：促进老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的安全性及合理性。方法：根据全国各省制定的新型冠状病毒肺炎中医药预防方案，结合老年人的生理特质、病理情况、基础疾病及用药特点进行分析。结果：提出老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的合理用药策略。结论：老年人作为预防新冠病毒感染的重点人群，应加强合理用药干预，确保中药用药安全有效。     

Consequences of household air pollution on child survival: evidence from demographic and health surveys in 47 countries

Background: Over one-third of the world’s population is exposed to household air pollution (HAP) but the separate effects of cooking with solid fuel and kerosene on childhood mortality are unclear.Objectives: To evaluate the effects of both solid fuels and kerosene on neonatal (0-28 days) and child (29 days-59 months) mortality.Methods: We used Demographic and Health Surveys from 47 countries and calculated adjusted relative risks (aRR) using Poisson regression models.Results: The aRR of neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to solid fuels were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.34) and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.30), respectively, and the aRR for neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to kerosene were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.52) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.27), controlling for individual, household, and country-level predictors of mortality.Conclusions: Kerosene should not be classified as a clean fuel. Neonates are at risk for mortality from exposure to solid fuels and kerosene.