Age trends in femur stresses from a simulated fall on the hip among men and women: evidence of homeostatic adaptation underlying the decline in hip BMD.

Age trends in proximal femur stresses were evaluated by simulating a fall on the greater trochanter using femur geometry from hip DXA scans of 5334 white men and women in the NHANES III survey. Expansion of femur outer diameter seems to counter net bone loss so that stresses remain similar across age groups, but stresses are higher in older women than in older men. INTRODUCTION: The age decline in hip BMD is caused by both bone loss and expansion of outer diameter that increases the region size over which mass is measured in a DXA scan. Because expansion has an opposing effect on structural strength, it may be a homeostatic adaptation to net bone loss to ensure that load stresses are kept within a narrow range. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Age trends in femur stresses were evaluated with an engineering beam simulation of a fall on the greater trochanter. Hip geometry was extracted from hip DXA scans using the Hip Structure Analysis (HSA) software on 2613 non-Hispanic white men and 2721 women from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Using body weight as load, stresses were computed on the inferior-medial and superior-lateral femur neck at its narrowest point and the medial and lateral shaft 2 cm distal to the midpoint of the lesser trochanter. Stresses and the underlying geometries in men and women >50 years oaf age were compared with those 20-49 years of age. RESULTS: Compared with men <50 years of age, stresses in older men were 6% lower on both surfaces of the shaft, 4% lower on the inferior-medial neck, and not different on the superior-lateral neck. In women >50 years of age, stresses on the proximal shaft and inferior-medial neck remained within 3% of young values but were 13% greater on the superior-lateral neck. Neck stresses in young women were lower on the superior-lateral than the inferior-medial neck, but lateral stress increased to the level on the medial surface in older women. Stresses were higher in women than in men, with a greater gender difference in those >50 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that femur expansion has a homeostatic effect in men and women that opposes bone loss so that stresses change little with age. Because expansion preserves stresses with progressively less bone mass, the process may reduce structural stability in the femoral neck under fall conditions, especially in the elderly female.     

Die Beurteilung eigentümlicher Schußverletzungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Goldenhar and cri-du-chat syndromes: a contiguous gene deletion syndrome?

We report a full-term male infant born to nonconsanguinous parents who had clinical features of Goldenhar syndrome and cri du chat syndrome. At birth, the infant was noted to have dysmorphic features with bilateral preauricular tags, rotated ears, bilateral epicanthic folds, a left epibulbar lipodermoid, and an accessory left nipple. After he was assessed for feeding difficulty and tachypnea, he was found to have esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. In addition, he had a high-pitched, cat-like cry, characteristic of cri-du-chat syndrome. He also failed a hearing test. Chromosomal analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridisation studies showed an unbalanced karyotype with a terminal deletion of the segment p14 on the short arm of chromosome 5, which is consistent with the cri-du-chat locus. The association of Goldenhar syndrome and cri-du-chat syndrome in this patient suggests that the chromosome 5p14 locus may harbor a gene implicated with Goldenhar syndrome.     

Reliability of DSM-III diagnoses for major depression and generalized anxiety disorder using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III

This study examined the interrater reliability of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnoses derived from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID). Using videotaped interviews, paired raters made independent diagnoses of 75 psychiatric outpatients. The percent agreement of the raters was 82% for MDD and 86% for GAD; the respective kappa values were .72 and .79. The results indicated that the SCID can be employed reliably to differentiate MDD from GAD. The SCID is recommended for further research with these disorders.     

Small proportions: what to report for confidence intervals?

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2005; 14: 239–247.     

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: considerations for clinical trials

There is little agreement about the methodology of clinical trials of antipsychotic drugs in patients with negative symptoms. A literature review revealed wide variation in experimental design, rating scales and study duration. This reflects differing views as to the definition and response to treatment of negative symptoms. Some degree of standardization would improve comparability of studies and aid the development of new compounds. Patients included in such studies should have displayed negative symptoms for at least 6 months. Depressive symptoms, positive schizophrenic symptoms and extrapyramidal signs may all influence or be confused with negative symptoms and may respond to treatment; they should be at a low level at baseline and should be measured during the study period. Studies should last at least 8 weeks. Several scales are available for measuring negative symptoms and are reviewed; a global impression score should be used additionally.     

Preventing hypoxemia and hemodynamic compromise related to endotracheal suctioning.

OBJECTIVE: To help the clinician bridge the gap between research and practice in determining ways to minimize side effects of endotracheal suctioning. DATA SOURCES: This article summarizes four previous reviews of research and studies published between 1984 and 1991 related to oxygenation techniques before, during and after endotracheal suctioning, and hemodynamic consequences of the suctioning procedure. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were reviewed by type of subject: animals, human subjects with normal lung function, and human subjects with abnormal lung function. Research of pediatric and head-injured populations was excluded from this review. DATA EXTRACTION: Oxygenation protocol, endotracheal suction characteristics, outcomes and measurement times, sample and setting, and findings were presented. CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions relate to the effectiveness of various endotracheal suction protocols on prevention of hypoxemia and hemodynamic compromise in intubated patients. DATA SYNTHESIS: An algorithm to guide clinical decision making is presented based on the conclusions of this review of the research.