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81.
82.
Antibiotics are frequently used in dental practice. Clinical and bacteriological epidemiological factors determine the indications of antibiotics in dentistry. Antibiotics are used in addition to appropriate treatment to aid the host defences in the elimination of remaining bacteria. It is indicated when there is evidence of clinical sign involvement and spread of infection. Antibiotics are prescribed in dental practice for treating odontoge nic infections, non-odontogenic infections, as prophylaxis against focal and local infection. Special care needs to be addressed to patients with organ transplants, poorly controlled diabetes and pregnancy. Antibiotics should be used only as an adjunct to dental treatment and never alone as the first line of care. The present paper reviews the indications of antibiotics in dental practice. 相似文献
83.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy results in healing of full thickness articular cartilage defect
P. R. J. V. C. Boopalan Sabareeswaran Arumugam Abel Livingston Mira Mohanty Samuel Chittaranjan 《International orthopaedics》2011,35(1):143-148
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic field) treatment in experimental osteochondral
defect healing in a rabbit model. The study was conducted on 12 New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits formed the study group
and six rabbits the control group. The right knee joints of all 12 animals were exposed and a 3.5-mm diameter osteochondral
defect was created in the trochlear groove. The defect was filled with calcium phosphate scaffold. Six animals from the study
group were given PEMF of one hour duration once a day for six weeks with set parameters for frequency of 1 Hz, voltage 20 V,
sine wave and current ±30 mA. At six weeks the animals were sacrificed and histological evaluation was done using H&E, Safranin
O, Maissons trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry for type 2 collagen. The quality of the repair tissue was graded and
compared between groups with the Wakitani histological grading scale and a statistical analysis was done. The total histological
score was significantly better in the study group (p = 0.002) with regeneration similar to adjacent normal hyaline cartilage. Immunohistochemistry for collagen type II was positive
in the study group. PEMF stimulation of osteochondral defects with calcium phosphate scaffold is effective in hyaline cartilage
formation. PEMF is a non-invasive and cost effective adjuvant treatment with salvage procedures such as abrasion chondroplasty
and subchondral drilling. 相似文献
84.
Thomas AG Vaidhyanath R Kirke R Rajesh A 《AJR. American journal of roentgenology》2011,197(2):350-356
OBJECTIVE: Lymphoma can affect virtually every tissue in the body, producing a variety of imaging appearances. In this article, the extranodal manifestations of lymphoma in the head and spine are illustrated and the imaging features that aid in diagnosis are reviewed. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the imaging appearances of extranodal lymphoma can aid in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions encountered in tissues throughout the body on different imaging modalities. 相似文献
85.
Fredrick Van Goor Sabine Hadida Peter D. J. Grootenhuis Bill Burton Dong Cao Tim Neuberger Amanda Turnbull Ashvani Singh John Joubran Anna Hazlewood Jinglan Zhou Jason McCartney Vijayalaksmi Arumugam Caroline Decker Jennifer Yang Chris Young Eric R. Olson Jeffery J. Wine Raymond A. Frizzell Melissa Ashlock Paul Negulescu 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2009,106(44):18825-18830
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal genetic disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a protein kinase A (PKA)-activated epithelial anion channel involved in salt and fluid transport in multiple organs, including the lung. Most CF mutations either reduce the number of CFTR channels at the cell surface (e.g., synthesis or processing mutations) or impair channel function (e.g., gating or conductance mutations) or both. There are currently no approved therapies that target CFTR. Here we describe the in vitro pharmacology of VX-770, an orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator in clinical development for the treatment of CF. In recombinant cells VX-770 increased CFTR channel open probability (Po) in both the F508del processing mutation and the G551D gating mutation. VX-770 also increased Cl− secretion in cultured human CF bronchial epithelia (HBE) carrying the G551D gating mutation on one allele and the F508del processing mutation on the other allele by ≈10-fold, to ≈50% of that observed in HBE isolated from individuals without CF. Furthermore, VX-770 reduced excessive Na+ and fluid absorption to prevent dehydration of the apical surface and increased cilia beating in these epithelial cultures. These results support the hypothesis that pharmacological agents that restore or increase CFTR function can rescue epithelial cell function in human CF airway. 相似文献
86.
Sasirekha Ramani Premi Sankaran Rajesh Arumugam Rajiv Sarkar Indrani Banerjee Ipsita Mohanty Atanu Kumar Jana Kurien Anil Kuruvilla Gagandeep Kang 《Journal of medical virology》2010,82(10):1803-1807
A single rotavirus strain causing asymptomatic infections as well as severe gastrointestinal disease has been described in the neonatal nurseries of the Christian Medical College, Vellore. In this study, quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR was used to determine the association of viral load with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms in neonates. Viral load was estimated in terms of the crossing point [C(t) value] at which the amplicon could be detected in the real‐time PCR assay. The study was carried out on 103 neonates, including 33 asymptomatic neonates and 70 neonates with different gastrointestinal symptoms. The duration of virus shedding was also compared between five symptomatic and four asymptomatic neonates using real‐time RT‐PCR. There was no significant difference in viral load between symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates (P = 0.087). Among neonates with different gastrointestinal symptoms, those presenting with feed intolerance and abdominal distension had a significantly higher viral load than those with other gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.02). For the study on virus shedding, nine neonates were followed up for a median duration of 53 days, with a median of 31 samples tested per child. Extended shedding of low copies of rotavirus was found, with no significant differences in pattern of shedding between symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. The lack of correlation between viral load and gastrointestinal disease demonstrates yet another difference between neonatal rotavirus infection and infection in older children where higher viral load correlates with severe disease. J. Med. Virol. 82:1803–1807, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
87.
Adnan S Balamurugan A Trocha A Bennett MS Ng HL Ali A Brander C Yang OO 《Blood》2006,108(10):3414-3419
HIV-1 Nef and HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have important and opposing roles in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Nef-mediated down-modulation of HLA class I on infected cells can confer resistance to CTL clearance, but the factors determining the efficiency of this process are unknown. This study examines the impact of Nef on the antiviral activity of several CTL clones recognizing epitopes from early and late HIV-1 proteins, restricted by HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules. CTL-targeting epitopes in early proteins remained susceptible to the effects of Nef, although possibly to a lesser degree than CTL-targeting late protein epitopes, indicating that significant Nef-mediated HLA down-regulation can precede even the presentation of early protein-derived epitopes. However, HLA-C-restricted CTLs were unaffected by Nef, consistent with down-regulation of cell-surface HLA-A and -B but not HLA-C molecules. Thus, CTLs vary dramatically in their susceptibility to Nef interference, suggesting differences in the relative importance of HLA-A- and HLA-B- versus HLA-C-restricted CTLs in vivo. The data thus indicate that HLA-C-restricted CTLs may have an under-appreciated antiviral role in the setting of Nef in vivo and suggest a benefit of promoting HLA-C-restricted CTLs for immunotherapy or vaccine development. 相似文献
88.
Ponnan Arumugam Rajenderan Murugan Mahalingam Subathra Arabandi Ramesh 《Medicinal chemistry research》2010,19(7):664-673
Mentha spicata is a well-known spice that has a variety of biological properties and is abundantly available throughout the world. This
study was designed to investigate the superoxide radical scavenging and antibacterial properties of different fractions (hexane,
chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous) of the ethanol extract of Mentha spicata. In addition, xanthine oxidase generated uric acid inhibition, reducing potential and iron chelating activity, also was investigated.
Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest (≤84%) superoxide radical scavenging and inhibition of uric acid formation at
40 μg/ml compared with the standard quercetin (≤81%) at 30 μg/ml. The highest reducing potential also is observed in ethyl
acetate and aqueous fractions, which were comparable to the reducing potential of quercetin and ascorbic acid. Iron chelating
activity of solvent fractions was found to be better than standard of EDTA (79% at 3 mg/ml). In addition, all fractions showed
effective antibacterial activity against five human pathogenic bacteria among the ten samples used. However, aqueous fraction
showed maximum growth inhibition zone (≤36 mm diameter at 6 μg/per disc) against Shigella boydii. Hence, we conclude that the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanol extract of Mentha spicata exhibited higher superoxide radical scavenging and antibacterial activities. 相似文献
89.
Surulivelrajan Mallaysamy Martin G. Johnson Padma G. M. Rao Thiyagu Rajakannan Lokesh Bathala Karthik Arumugam Johan G. C. van Hasselt Devarakonda Ramakrishna 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》2013,69(1):43-52
Purpose
The aim of this analysis was to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral lamotrigine (LTG) in Indian epileptic patients using a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling approach to confirm that the PK is similar to that of the Caucasian population, and to evaluate and confirm the impact of covariates predictive of inter-individual variability using a simulation platform.Methods
Blood samples were obtained from 95 patients, and LTG plasma concentrations were determined. Population PK modeling was performed using NONMEM. A one-compartment PK model with first-order absorption and elimination was used to describe the LTG PK. Log-likelihood profiling and normalized prediction distribution errors (NPDE) were used for model evaluation. A simulation study was performed to investigate dose regimens.Results
Clearance (CL) was estimated to be 2.27 L/h with inter-individual variability (IIV) of 29 CV%. Volume of distribution (V) was estimated to be 53.6 L (31 CV% IIV). Body weight and concurrent use of carbamazepine and valproate were identified as significant covariates on clearance. Log-likelihood profiling indicated that parameters could be estimated with adequate precision, and NPDE indicated that the model adequately described the data observed. The simulation study illustrated the impact of carbamazepine and valproate on LTG PK, and negligible differences in PK between Indian and Caucasian patients.Conclusions
This is the first PK analysis of LTG in Indian patients. The population PK model developed adequately described the data observed. Comparison of identified PK parameters with previous PK analyses in Caucasian patients indicates that CL of LTG is similar, while V is somewhat lower compared with Caucasian patients, but this is not expected to lead to relevant differences in PK profiles during steady state. 相似文献90.
Investigations employing animal models have demonstrated that ocular growth and refractive development are regulated by visual feedback. In particular, lens compensation experiments in which treatment lenses are used to manipulate the eye''s effective refractive state have shown that emmetropization is actively regulated by signals produced by optical defocus. These observations in animals are significant because they indicate that it should be possible to use optical treatment strategies to influence refractive development in children, specifically to slow the rate of myopia progression. This review highlights some of the optical performance properties of the vision-dependent mechanisms that regulate refractive error development, especially those that are likely to influence the efficacy of optical treatment strategies for myopia. In this respect, the results from animal studies have been very consistent across species; however, to facilitate extrapolation to clinical settings, results are presented primarily for nonhuman primates. In agreement with preliminary clinical trials, the experimental data show that imposed myopic defocus can slow ocular growth and that treatment strategies that influence visual signals over a large area of the retina are likely to be most effective. 相似文献