Participation of serum and membrane lectins on the oxidative burst regulation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii hemocytes

Using a spectrophotometric NBT reduction assay and phagocytosis, we identified that production of superoxide anions and phagocytic activity of hemocytes from Macrobrachium rosenbergii were significantly higher in the presence of rat, rabbit, and chicken erythrocytes than with human, pig, or horse erythrocytes. Hemocytes stimulated with MrL, MrLMab, or PMA increased 4.7, 5.1, and 6.1 fold, respectively, the oxidative response as compared to non-stimulated hemocytes. MrLMab together with MrL increased 5.7 fold the oxidative capacity of hemocytes as compared to non-stimulated cells. These effects were inhibited with 100 mM GalNAc, GlcNAc, or Neu5Ac and 0.2 microM of sialylated submaxillary gland mucin and fetuin. Piroxicam inhibited (P < 0.05) the production of O(2)(-) induced by MrL, whereas iodoacetamide inhibited the effect of MrLMAb (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that MrLMab might activate the oxidative burst through the metabolism of glucose as opposed to MrL which utilizes NADPH-independent mechanisms, very probably through pro-inflammatory metabolites.     

The effect of foster feeding and bottle feeding expressed breast-milk on the susceptibility of guinea-pig infants to influenza virus

Infant guinea-pigs born to mothers immunized against influenza virus by infection during pregnancy were reared from birth by non-immune foster mothers. As a control for the effects of fostering, a similar group were fostered to immune mothers. Fostering, regardless of the immune state of the foster-mother, increased the susceptibility of the infant to upper respiratory tract infection. Increased susceptibility was associated with ablation of the infants IgM and IgA antibody responses and reduced secretion of transplacentally acquired IgG antibody in nasal secretions. In the reciprocal experiment, infants of non-immune mothers fostered to immune mothers cleared virus more rapidly than their peers who were fed by their own mothers. This protective effect was associated with an enhanced nasal IgM and IgA antibody response. Infants of immune mothers separated from their mothers at birth and hand-reared on a cow's-milk-based formula feed suffered an increased susceptibility to the virus similar to that seen in fostered infants. Addition of a pool of expressed milk from a group of immune mothers, including their own, to the feed of hand-reared infants did not reduce their susceptibility. However, a further group of infants fed a non-cellular whey fraction of the same milk pool secreted significantly lower titres of virus. This increased protection was associated with elevated levels of IgG antibody secretion into nasal washes early in infection.     

Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex antigens in invading glioma cells: stealth invasion of the brain

Invasion into surrounding brain tissue is a fundamental feature of gliomas and the major reason for treatment failure. The process of brain invasion in gliomas is not well understood. Differences in gene expression and/or gene products between invading and noninvading glioma cells may identify potential targets for new therapies. To look for genes associated with glioma invasion, we first employed Affymetrix microarray Genechip technology to identify genes differentially expressed in migrating glioma cells in vitro and in invading glioma cells in vivo using laser capture microdissection. We observed upregulation of a variety of genes, previously reported to be linked to glioma cell migration and invasion. Remarkably, major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) class I and II genes were significantly downregulated in migrating cells in vitro and in invading cells in vivo. Decreased MHC expression was confirmed in migrating glioma cells in vitro using RT-PCR and in invading glioma cells in vivo by immunohistochemical staining of human and murine glioblastomas for beta2 microglobulin, a marker of MHC class I protein expression. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the downregulation of MHC class I and II antigens in migrating and invading glioma cells, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. These results suggest that the very process of tumor invasion is associated with decreased expression of MHC antigens allowing glioma cells to invade the surrounding brain in a 'stealth'-like manner.     

Mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescence.

Mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescence (MICE) is a very uncommon lesion. Diagnosis is incidental and may simulate thrombotic lesions. One of the hypotheses with regard to the etiology of this lesion is a previous cardiac procedure especially mitral valve repair or commissurotomy. Herein, we describe a MICE incidentally found in a patient who underwent mitral valve replacement, as a thrombotic lesion on the left atrial auricle. Histopathologic examination suggested MICE lesions and immunohistochemical stains confirmed it.     

Gait speed is more challenging than cognitive load on the stride-to-stride variability in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency

Background

Several investigations have studied gait variability of individuals with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency; however, the effect of dual-tasking on the gait variability of these individuals remained unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of gait speed and dual-tasking on knee flexion–extension variability in subjects with and without ACL deficiency.

Effects of the fruit essential oil of Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Apiaceae) on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice

The problem of morphine tolerance and dependence is a universal phenomenon threatening social health everywhere the world. The major objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of fruit essential oil (FEO) of Cuminum cyminum on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Animals were rendered dependent on morphine using the well-established method in which was morphine (50, 50, 75 mg/kg; s.c.) injected three times daily for 3 days. In experimental groups, administration of FEO (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2%; 5 ml/kg; i.p.) or Tween-80 (5 ml/kg; i.p.) was performed 60 min prior to each morphine injection (for acquisition) or the last injection of morphine on test day (for expression). Morphine tolerance was measured by tail-flick before and after administration of a single dose of morphine (50 mg/kg; s.c.) in test day (4th day). Morphine dependence was also evaluated by counting the number of jumps after injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg; i.p.) on the test day. The results showed that Cumin FEO, only at the dose of 2%, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance (P < 0.01) and dependence (P < 0.05) while it could be significantly effective on expression of morphine tolerance (1 and 2%) and dependence (0.5, 1 and 2%) in a dose-dependent manner. Solely Cumin FEO injection (0.001–2%) did not show any analgesic effect. In conclusion, the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum seems to ameliorate the morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.     

Prevalence of HIV in Mayotte

Mayotte is a little French island, located in the Indian ocean, between Madagascar and Mozambic. Officially, the population goes up to 150,000 inhabitants, but in fact, it probably comes up to about 200,000 people, because of a very numerous illegal immigration, especially coming from Anjouan, the nearest Comorian island. Up to now there are no data about HIV in Mayotte. There is only one adult medical unit (except intensive care). All patients detected as seropositive for HIV are sent for treatment in this unit. The only case of systematically proposed HIV serology is pregnancy, and this since 1994. 70% to 80% of women accept it. There are annually 6000 deliveries in Mayotte. When a seropositivity is detected, screening is systematically proposed to other members of the family. Epidemiology does not seem to worsen, even if detection is increasing: 8675 tests done in 1998, 9142 in 1999, 12,085 in 2000. All cases of seropositivity attended to at present time in our unit have been registered and studied, apart from patients who died before this study, and those who did not consult for more than two years. There were 8 HIV positive people who died since 1990 in Mayotte, most of them in 1991, 1992. There was no death in the last years, nor sanitary evacuation, except one. 50 people are registered: 20 males, 30 females. Average age is 34. 39 Comorian people, 10 metropolitans, and one from another origin. Contamination was heterosexual in 43 cases, intravenous drug user in 1 case, homosexual in 2 cases, professional in 1 case, unknown in 3 cases. There are 4 double contamination Ag Hbs/HIV, and 2 HCV/HIV. 39 subjects are at A stage, 5 B, 6 C. The beginning of the epidemic in Mayotte took place probably around 1990, among militaries and prostitutes. Now, transmission keeps going on, in most cases, heterosexual, as it occurs in the nearby Africa. Polygamy, official or officious, has a leading role. Females who were detected during pregnancy have obtained zidovudine, or have been able to pursue previous therapy. Medical care and therapy are free in Mayotte, but sometimes there are delays in supplying medicines or in returning results. Epidemic has not increased up to now; even though screening has. There are very few pediatric cases: only 4 cases were notified in Mayotte until now: one who died very soon, one who has gone to live in Reunion island, and two who are still in Mayotte: one is 12 years old, and another one 5 years old.     

Adrenocortical, beta-endorphin and behavioral responses to graded stressors in differentially reared rats

Isolation rearing has long been suspected to alter hormonal and behavioral responses to stress. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that isolates are more timid or fearful than socially reared rats when exposed to novel test environments. In both, isolate response to 3 graded stressors was compared to that of socially-reared rats. In the first experiment, animals were handled, shocked or not treated prior to testing to produce three levels of conditioned fear. They were then tested on four paradigms previously shown sensitive to conditioned fear: open field activity, emergence latency, auditory startle, and latency to accept food from the experimenter. In the second experiment, rats were given a 0-, 5- or 20-min forced swim, then sacrificed for analysis of plasma corticosterone and pituitary and hypothalamic beta-endorphin. It was found that isolates showed little evidence of enhanced behavioral timidity, although rearing effects were seen on all 4 behavioral measures. Plasma corticosterone levels increased in a graded fashion over the course of the forced swim, but there was no effect of rearing conditions. While there were no effects of rearing or stress on hypothalamic beta-endorphin, pituitary beta-endorphin content was lower in females than in males, and isolate males had lower pituitary endorphin than social males. In summary, these experiments provide no evidence that isolation rearing produces a primary, global increase in fearfulness, but identify several behavioral and hormonal differences associated with differential housing in rats.     

Effect of titanium surface topography on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines

The macrophage has a major role in normal wound healing and the reparative process around implants. Murine macrophage-like cells RAW 264.7 were used to investigate the effect of titanium surfaces on macrophage activation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] and chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha). Four topographies were used: those produced by mechanically polishing, coarse sand blasting, acid etching, and sandblasting and acid etching (SLA). Macrophages were plated on the four titanium surfaces at a population density of 5 x 10(5) cells/mL/well. Tissue culture plastic and tissue culture plastic plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) served as negative and positive control, respectively. In addition, all surfaces were tested for their effects on macrophages in the presence of LPS. Supernatants were collected for assays after 6, 24, and 48 h and the numbers of macrophages attached to the surfaces were quantified using the DAPI (4,6-di-amidino-2-phenylindole) assay. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Statistical comparison between the surfaces and the controls was determined by using the two-way analysis of variance including interaction effect (two tailed and p < or = 0.05). Unstimulated macrophages increased their secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha) when attached to rough surfaces (acid etching and SLA, p < or = 0.05). In macrophages stimulated with LPS, the roughest surface SLA produced higher levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha at 24 and 48 h than all other surfaces (p < or = 0.05). Surface topography also modulated the secretion of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha by macrophages. Unstimulated macrophages attached to the SLA surface down-regulated their production of chemokines (p < or = 0.05) whereas LPS-stimulated macrophages attached to the SLA surface up-regulated their production (p < or = 0.05). Moreover, the SLA surface was found to act synergistically with LPS as well as the combination of blasting and etching features of the SLA surface resulted in significant release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by stimulated macrophages at 24 and 48 h (p < or = 0.05). This in vitro study has demonstrated that surface topography, in particular the SLA surface, modulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages in a time-dependent manner.