全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23684篇 |
免费 | 1147篇 |
国内免费 | 158篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 250篇 |
儿科学 | 657篇 |
妇产科学 | 457篇 |
基础医学 | 2845篇 |
口腔科学 | 726篇 |
临床医学 | 1714篇 |
内科学 | 6196篇 |
皮肤病学 | 316篇 |
神经病学 | 2161篇 |
特种医学 | 958篇 |
外科学 | 3867篇 |
综合类 | 87篇 |
一般理论 | 10篇 |
预防医学 | 1199篇 |
眼科学 | 271篇 |
药学 | 1366篇 |
中国医学 | 57篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1852篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 19篇 |
2023年 | 199篇 |
2022年 | 434篇 |
2021年 | 821篇 |
2020年 | 443篇 |
2019年 | 646篇 |
2018年 | 856篇 |
2017年 | 557篇 |
2016年 | 627篇 |
2015年 | 738篇 |
2014年 | 981篇 |
2013年 | 1178篇 |
2012年 | 1944篇 |
2011年 | 1866篇 |
2010年 | 1133篇 |
2009年 | 970篇 |
2008年 | 1588篇 |
2007年 | 1550篇 |
2006年 | 1497篇 |
2005年 | 1394篇 |
2004年 | 1211篇 |
2003年 | 1101篇 |
2002年 | 1087篇 |
2001年 | 131篇 |
2000年 | 90篇 |
1999年 | 143篇 |
1998年 | 178篇 |
1997年 | 149篇 |
1996年 | 141篇 |
1995年 | 143篇 |
1994年 | 111篇 |
1993年 | 109篇 |
1992年 | 66篇 |
1991年 | 52篇 |
1990年 | 79篇 |
1989年 | 56篇 |
1988年 | 56篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 57篇 |
1985年 | 38篇 |
1984年 | 54篇 |
1983年 | 46篇 |
1982年 | 57篇 |
1981年 | 40篇 |
1980年 | 45篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 34篇 |
1977年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 23篇 |
1972年 | 22篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in stool samples 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of clinical microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Fontana C Favaro M Pietroiusti A Pistoia ES Galante A Favalli C 《Journal of clinical microbiology》2003,41(8):3636-3640
The recognition of the role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric diseases has led to the widespread use of antibiotics in the eradication of this pathogen. The most advocated therapy, triple therapy, often includes clarithromycin. It is well known that clarithromycin resistance is one of the major causes of eradication failure. The development of a rapid noninvasive technique that could easily be performed on fecal samples and that could also provide information about the antibiotic resistance of this microorganism is therefore advisable. Previous findings have demonstrated that clarithromycin resistance is due to a single point mutation in the 23S rRNA. All the mutations described have been associated with specific restriction sites, namely BsaI (A2143G), MboII (A2142C/G), and HhaI (T2717C). On this basis we have developed a new method, a seminested PCR, allowing screening for clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori directly on stool samples. This method furnished a 783-bp fragment of the 23S rRNA, which was subsequently digested by MboII, BsaI, and HhaI, in order to identify single point mutations associated with clarithromycin resistance. Of a total of 283 stool samples examined, 125 were H. pylori positive and two of them were shown to contain clarithromycin-resistant strains due to the presence of a mutation at position 2717, whereas no PCR products contained mutations at position 2142 or 2143. In order to evaluate the reliability of the new system, we compared the results of restriction analysis of the PCR products with the MICs shown by the H. pylori isolates by culturing gastric biopsies from the same patients. 相似文献
102.
Fernando Gabriel Chirdo María Cristina Añón Carlos Alberto Fossati 《Food and Agricultural Immunology》1998,10(2):143-155
Optimization of three enzyme immunoassays of very high sensitivity using three antiprolamin monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (13B4, 11C4 and 12A1) is presented here. These MAbs are specific for those prolamins toxic for coeliac patients, as determined by immunoblotting analysis. Biotinylated MAbs were used in two of the assays. In a competitive ELISA, the binding of each biotinylated MAb to a gliadin‐coated solid phase was inhibited by gliadin in the fluid phase. The best result was obtained using the biotinylated MAbl3B4 (detection limit: 20 ng ml?1). With regard to capture ELISA, we tested the performance of the three MAbs. In this sandwich ELISA, the MAb used for antigenic capture was the same as that used as secondary biotinylated antibody. The MAbl2Al had the best performance (detection limit: 1 ng ml?1). The use of biotin‐labelled gliadin in a quantitative immunoassay with a detection limit of 5 ng ml?1 is also reported. This assay involves an antigenic capture using the MAbl2Al followed by a competition between biotinylated and non‐biotinylated gliadin. We have found the use of the streptavidin‐biotin interaction as signal amplification system to be very useful. This technique, as far as we know, has not been previously reported for gliadin quantification. 相似文献
103.
Acute changes in short-term plasticity at synapses with elevated levels of neuronal calcium sensor-1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Short-term synaptic plasticity is a defining feature of neuronal activity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Depression of synaptic activity might be due to limited vesicle availability, whereas facilitation is thought to result from elevated calcium levels. However, it is unclear whether the strength and direction (facilitation versus depression) of plasticity at a given synapse result from preexisting synaptic strength or whether they are regulated by separate mechanisms. Here we show, in rat hippocampal cell cultures, that increases in the calcium binding protein neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) can switch paired-pulse depression to facilitation without altering basal synaptic transmission or initial neurotransmitter release probability. Facilitation persisted during high-frequency trains of stimulation, indicating that NCS-1 can recruit 'dormant' vesicles. Our results suggest that NCS-1 acts as a calcium sensor for short-term plasticity by facilitating neurotransmitter output independent of initial release. We conclude that separate mechanisms are responsible for determining basal synaptic strength and short-term plasticity. 相似文献
104.
Montano SM Sanchez JL Laguna-Torres A Cuchi P Avila MM Weissenbacher M Serra M Viñoles J Russi JC Aguayo N Galeano AH Gianella A Andrade R Arredondo A Ramirez E Acosta ME Alava A Montoya O Guevara A Manrique H Sanchez JL Lama JR de la Hoz F Sanchez GI Ayala C Pacheco ME Carrion G Chauca G Perez JJ Negrete M Russell KL Bautista CT Olson JG Watts DM Birx DL Carr JK;South American HIV Molecular Surveillance Working Group 《Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)》2005,40(1):57-64
HIV cross-sectional studies were conducted among high-risk populations in 9 countries of South America. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening and Western blot confirmatory testing were performed, and env heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping and DNA sequencing were performed on a subset of HIV-positive subjects. HIV prevalences were highest among men who have sex with men (MSM; 2.0%-27.8%) and were found to be associated with multiple partners, noninjection drug use (non-IDU), and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). By comparison, much lower prevalences were noted among female commercial sex workers (FCSWs; 0%-6.3%) and were associated mainly with a prior IDU and STI history. Env subtype B predominated among MSM throughout the region (more than 90% of strains), whereas env subtype F predominated among FCSWs in Argentina and male commercial sex workers in Uruguay (more than 50% of strains). A renewed effort in controlling STIs, especially among MSM groups, could significantly lessen the impact of the HIV epidemic in South America. 相似文献
105.
Role of Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in Immune Response to Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Donato Torre Filippo Speranza Massimo Giola Alberto Matteelli Roberto Tambini Gilberto Biondi 《Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI》2002,9(2):348-351
The relative balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines appears crucial, since the role of cytokines has been evaluated in several studies by comparison of clinically heterogeneous groups of patients. The aim of this study is to determine the role of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, in a homogeneous group of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, Il-4, and IL-10 in serum for 20 adult patients and 15 healthy control subjects were determined by an immunoenzymatic assay. Serum levels of Th1 cytokines, IL-12 (8.6 ± 2.8 pg/ml; controls, 3.2 ± 0.7 pg/ml) and IFN-γ (39.2 ± 67.6 pg/ml; controls, 8.4 ± 6.3 pg/ml), were significantly increased at admission; 3 days later, levels of IL-12 in serum remained significantly high (8.8 ± 2.6 pg/ml), whereas IFN-γ levels returned to control values. The anti-inflammatory response of Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) was distinct. Levels of IL-10 in serum were not significantly increased at day 0 and day 3 (306.6 ± 200.4 pg/ml and 56.6 ± 38.4 pg/ml, respectively; controls, 17.4 ± 9.0 pg/ml). In contrast, levels of IL-4 in serum were not increased on admission (3.4 ± 1.2 pg/ml; controls, 2.4 ± 0.8 pg/ml), but at day 3 a moderate and significant increase of IL-4 levels was observed (4.5 ± 1.7 pg/ml). In conclusion, the increase of Th1 cytokine IL-12 and IFN-γ levels during the acute phase of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria may reflect an early and effective immune response regulated by proinflammatory Th1 cytokines, and in particular IFN-γ may play a role in limiting progression from uncomplicated malaria to severe and life-threatening complications. 相似文献
106.
Guido Martignoni Maurizio Pea Matteo Brunelli Marco Chilosi Alberto Zamó Manuela Bertaso Paolo Cossu-Rocca John N Eble Gregor Mikuz Giacomo Puppa Cecile Badoual Vincenzo Ficarra Giovanni Novella Franco Bonetti 《Modern pathology》2004,17(12):1455-1463
CD10 has been considered a useful marker in the diagnosis of renal carcinomas, because of its expression in clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinomas and its absence in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. On the other hand, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma expresses parvalbumin, which is absent in clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinomas. To further address the relevance of these markers, we studied the expression of CD10 and parvalbumin in 42 samples of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (seven of which had aggressive features, including invasion beyond the renal capsule, renal vein invasion, metastases, or sarcomatoid transformation), 75 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (eight metastatic) and 51 papillary renal cell carcinomas (two metastatic). CD10 was found in 100% of clear cell renal cell carcinomas, 63% of papillary renal cell carcinomas and in all metastatic cases of both types. At variance with previous studies, we found CD10 expression in from 30 to 90% of the neoplastic cells, in 11 of 42 (26%) chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. The CD10-positive cases included five of the seven (71%) chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with aggressive features. Statistical analysis showed significant association of CD10-positive tumors with clinicopathologic aggressiveness (P=0.003) and mitotic figures (P=0.04). Parvalbumin was strongly expressed in all primary and metastatic chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. Western blot analysis was utilized to confirm the expression of both CD10 and parvalbumin in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. 相似文献
107.
Susana Camacho Maria Del Valle Ostos José Ignacio Llorente Ana Sanz Manuel García Alberto Domezain Ramón Carmona 《Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)》2007,290(9):1178-1189
Ampullary organs of Acipenser naccarii sturgeons were examined by optical and electronic microscopy (transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) from hatching until 1 month later when the juvenile phase is completely established. It was observed that, when A. naccarii begins to feed actively, the ultrastructural characteristics of ampullary organs already correspond to those of adult animals. These organs may, therefore, be functional and, together with taste buds, facilitate food search after exhaustion of yolk sac food reserves. Mature ampullary organs of A. naccarii are formed by an ampulla that communicates with the exterior by means of a short channel. These ampullae correspond to the sensory portion of these receptors and are formed by two cell types: receptor cells and support cells. Receptor cells present a kinocilium on their free surface and establish ribbon synapses with axon nerve endings that arise from the underlying conjunctive tissue. Support cells enclose receptor cells, bear stereocilia and occasional cilia, and are of a secretory nature. The mucus associated with ampullary organs mainly comprises neutral mucopolysaccharides, whereas mucopolysaccharides are usually acid in other fish groups. Anat Rec, 290:1178–1189, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
108.
109.
Arancha C Ruíz-Llorente S Cascón A Osorio A Martínez-Delgado B Benítez J Robledo M 《Journal of human genetics》2002,47(4):190-195
Until now, the study of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in patients suspected of having the disease was expensive and laborious due to the large size of the gene. We have
optimized the conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) technique to analyze by four rather simple multiplex PCR reactions,
and a single electrophoresis run, the entire coding region of the MEN1 gene, plus the exon–intron boundaries. This improvement of the CSGE technique was confirmed as an effective procedure for
screening for the MEN1 gene by detecting ten previously known MEN1 gene mutations and four polymorphisms. The MEN1 gene of 12 patients with unknown mutations was then screened, and an abnormal CSGE profile was identified in 10/12 cases.
Subsequent DNA sequencing demonstrated 3 of them to be novel mutations (E45K, 4479delACAG, 6073insC) and 7 to have been previously
reported; in the remaining 2 patients, we confirmed the absence of any alteration of the coding sequence of MEN1. Mutation screening of the MEN1 gene using CSGE was demonstrated to be a fast, simple, and inexpensive method to study patients suspected of having MEN1
disease.
Received: November 29, 2001 / Accepted: January 28, 2002 相似文献