石油沥青对职业人群健康影响的调查

目的调查长期接触石油沥青对职业人群健康的影响，为制订职业卫生标准提供职业流行病学调查资料。方法对防水材料生产企业和石油沥青暴露人群进行作业场所劳动卫生学和职业流行病学调查。结果对石油沥青暴露组394人，对照组237人调查结果表明，暴露组失眠、胸闷、鼻干等症状出现率高于对照组，其他检查显示，暴露组肺纹理增强、支气管炎出现率虽高于对照组，但无统计学意义。结论作业场所石油沥青烟浓度为0．69—10．46mg／m^3的情况下，石油沥青对职业人群健康没有产生明显的损害作用，也没有发现特异性损害。     

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目的    了解高海拔地区藏族牧民口腔健康情况,探讨口腔疾病发病情况和规律,为采取防治措施和改善口腔医疗服务提供依据。方法    2008年10月选择西藏羊易村成年人为调查对象,共439人接受调查,其中男206人,女233人。按照年龄分为：18～24岁组（120人）、>24～34岁组（108人）、>34～44岁组（96人）、>44岁组（115人）;每个年龄组内按性别再分组。以世界卫生组织1997年口腔健康调查基本方法为标准,调查成年牧民龋齿、牙周疾病、第三磨牙萌出及口腔其他疾病患病情况,并对结果进行分析。结果    羊易村成人龋患率、龋均、平均缺牙数分别为74.94%、5.74、3.57。18～24岁和>24～34岁组女性龋均显著高于男性,且差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。各年龄组内男女间人均缺牙数、龋患率、有28颗牙人数、牙结石检出率、牙周炎发生率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;而从总体统计,女性缺牙数、龋患率、牙周炎发生率高于男性（P < 0.05）,有28颗牙人数低于男性（P < 0.05）,男性>24～34岁组牙龈炎发生率显著高于同龄女性（P < 0.05）。>24～34岁组中女性第三磨牙萌出率高于男性（P < 0.05）,而在>44岁组中男性高于女性（P < 0.05）。在>24～34岁组、>44岁组和全体样本总计中女性萌出的第三磨牙龋齿发生率均高于男性（P < 0.05）。439名被调查者中有22人有不良固定义齿修复;38人有上颌侧切牙装饰性义齿修复。龋齿充填率为0。结论    高海拔地区缺氧环境和饮食习惯对口腔发育和疾病有一定影响。西藏牧民口腔健康状况较差,需要改善牧区口腔医疗条件,建立口腔防治体系。     

抗程序化细胞死亡基因5抗体与类风湿关节炎相关性研究

目的 探讨抗程序化细胞死亡基因5（PDCD5）抗体在类风湿关节炎（RA）中的意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）对55例RA 患者和44例健康对照者（NC）外周血清中抗PDCD5抗体的水平进行检测,并与RA患者相关临床资料、实验室指标及影像学资料进行统计学分析.结果 55例RA患者和44例NC外周血清中抗PDCD5抗体的水平分别为（18.06±4.70）μg/L,（13.62±4.35）μg/L,阳性率分别为18.2%（10/55）,4.5%（2/44）,二者在抗体水平和阳性率上差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.抗PDCD5抗体阳性组Sharp评分,类风湿因子（RF）和抗环瓜氨酸肽（CCP）抗体水平明显高于抗PDCD5抗体阴性组,抗PDCD5抗体与抗CCP抗体呈正相关（r=0.374,P=0.01,2-tailed）.结论 抗PDCD5抗体与RA密切相关,且抗体阳性患者易出现骨侵蚀,有望成为诊断早期RA的实验室指标之一.     

Correlation between posteromedial or posterolateral displacement and cubitus varus deformity in supracondylar humerus fractures in children

Purpose Cubitus varus deformity is one of the most common complications after displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the fracture displacement and cubitus varus deformity in displaced supracondylar humerus fractures. Methods Seventeen patients (11 males/6 females; mean age 7 years) with cubitus varus deformities occurring after Gartland type III posteromedial or posterolateral displaced supracondylar humerus fractures were evaluated with clinical and serial radiographic examinations. All patients had been treated surgically by open reduction through a medial approach and percutaneous cross-pinning. All fractures were reduced anatomically. Ten of the patients were operated within the first 24 h. The time interval between the initial injury and the surgical procedure for the remaining seven patients was 5.3 days on average (range 2–10 days). The carrying angle and range of motion of the elbow were measured throughout the follow-up period. The mean follow-up time was 3.7 years (range 2–12 years). Results Five patients with type III-B fractures had a mean carrying angle loss of 8.8° (range 6–10°), whereas for the remaining 12 type III-A patients the mean loss was 15° (range 6–29°) (P = 0.019). None of the patients in this study demonstrated limited elbow motion. According to the Flynn criteria, the results were good in five type III-B patients. There was no statistically significant relationship between the loss of carrying angle and the delay before the surgical procedure (P = 0.615 in type III-A, P = 0.096 in type III-B). Conclusions The carrying angle loss was more significant in type III-A fractures compared with type III-B in this series. These results suggest that although anatomic reduction has been achieved by surgical treatment without loss of reduction, there is still a risk for cubitus varus deformity for type III-A fractures due to the initial compression of the medial column or, in other words, physeal injury.     

Effect of hyperthermia on the in vitro metabolism of doxorubicin

The effect of hyperthermia on the uptake and metabolism of doxorubicin (ADM) was studied in in vitro systems. ADM uptake in rat liver slices was not affected by increasing the temperature from 37 degrees C to 43 degrees C. In rat liver homogenates, the aerobic transformation of ADM was low and was not affected by hyperthermia. Approximately 90% of the parent drug remained unchanged after 60 minutes of incubation, and two metabolites, adriamycinol and a polar metabolite, were formed in small amounts. Under anaerobic conditions, ADM was quickly and extensively converted to two metabolites identified as 7-deoxyadriamycinol aglycone and 7-deoxyadriamycin aglycone. Whereas the disappearance of ADM and the formation of 7-deoxyadriamycin aglycone were not modified by the hyperthermic conditions, there was a slight but significant increase of the formation of 7-deoxyadriamycinol alycone (area under the concentration versus time curve in microM X minute: 216 +/- 24 at 37 degrees C; 235 +/- 24 at 39.5 degrees C; and 271 +/- 8 at 42 degrees C; P less than or equal to 0.05). However, the percentage of dA3 was not significantly different at the end of the incubation.     

Diurnal variation of antidiuretic hormone and urinary output in spinal cord injury.

INTRODUCTION: Healthy individuals have a nocturnal decrease in urine output due to increased plasma antidiuretic hormone levels at night. This does not occur in spinal cord injury and most patients experience nocturnal polyuria, which triggers dysreflexic crises secondary to urinary bladder overdistension, and interferes with patients' sleep due to the need for extra catheterization. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diurnal variation in ADH level, urinary output, and plasma and urine osmolality in SCI patients with regard to their level of injury and in comparison with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen ASIA-A spinal cord-injured patients, eight with paraplegia, eight with tetraplegia, and eight healthy individuals, were evaluated for urinary output, urine and serum osmolality, and antidiuretic hormone levels during day and night hours. RESULTS: Absence of diurnal variation in urinary output and antidiuretic hormone secretion was detected in both paraplegic and tetraplegic patients, while antidiuretic hormone levels rose significantly at night in the control group. CONCLUSION: Antidiuretic hormone levels should be monitored both day and night in spinal cord injury patients, with severe nocturnal polyuria. Treatment with desaminocystein-D-arginine vasopressin can be attempted when conservative measures fail to control nocturnal polyuria, especially in patients who are on an intermittent catheterization program.     

Our Postpandemic World: What Will It Take to Build a Better Future for People and Planet?

Policy Points

• Despite the pandemic''s ongoing devastating impacts, it also offers the opportunity and lessons for building a better, fairer, and sustainable world.
• Transformational change will require new ways of working, challenging powerful individuals and industries who worsened the crisis, will act to exploit it for personal gain, and will work to ensure that the future aligns with their interests.
• A flourishing world needs strong and equitable structures and systems, including strengthened democratic, research, and educational institutions, supported by ideas and discourses that are free of opaque and conflicted influence and that challenge the status quo and inequitable distribution of power.

     

Antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expression in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

We investigated the expression of the genes for several antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes in the multidrug-resistant variant of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, MCF-7/Dox. MCF-7/Dox is greater than 500-fold resistant to doxorubicin by clonogenic assay. Enzyme activity determinations in the cytoplasmic compartment of MCF-7/Dox revealed a 25-fold increase in glutathione peroxidase level compared to the parent line (mean +/- SD, 10 +/- 2.8 versus 0.4 +/- 0.24 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). The activity of the other major hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzyme, catalase, was diminished in MCF-7/Dox (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 4.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/min/mg; P less than 0.025 compared to MCF-7). Superoxide dismutase activity did not differ between the two cell lines. The specific activity of the xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme DT-diaphorase was 4-fold lower in MCF-7/Dox compared to MCF-7 (DT-diaphorase, 117 +/- 45 versus 509 +/- 123 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). Daunorubicinol-producing carbonyl reductase activity was equal in the two lines. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 0.9-kilobase band of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in MCF-7/Dox; no glutathione peroxidase mRNA was detected in MCF-7. A 2.4-kilobase catalase and 0.7- and 1.4-kilobase superoxide dismutase mRNAs were detectable in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7. When normalized to 28S RNA, no difference in the mRNA levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 could be determined. DT-diaphorase mRNAs of 1.4 and 2.7 kilobases were found in both MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 cells. A 1.2-kilobase mRNA homologous to the putative carbonyl reductase cDNA was also easily detectable in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. The amount of mRNA for both xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes was decreased 2- to 4-fold in the doxorubicin-resistant cells. Southern blot analysis of PstI- and MspI-restricted genomic DNA revealed no evidence for amplification or rearrangement of the glutathione peroxidase gene. These results indicate that, in addition to the previously described overexpression of anionic glutathione S-transferase in MCF-7/Dox cells, an augmented glutathione peroxidase mRNA level is the major alteration in antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme expression that could contribute to doxorubicin insensitivity in these multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells.