Change in body image of patients with alcohol dependence during treatment process]

In order to find useful information for the establishment of new treatment method to alcohol dependence, we investigated the change of the body image of patients with alcohol dependence before and after the treatment. HABIT (Haga Body Image Test), a questionnaire about body image developed in department of psychiatry in Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, was used to examine the change of body image between pre- and post-3-month conventional treatment program in 46 patients with alcohol dependence hospitalized into special institutions for treatment of the disease in Kyoto. Patients with poor outcome of the treatment showed improvement of body image on visceral function, feeling of appetite and outward appearance, while patients with good outcome indicated no significant change in these aspects. This finding likely suggests that the treatment would result in good outcome in patients having stable feeling of physical health, and the cognitive treatment approach about these aspects of body image should be performed on the patients with poor treatment outcome. On the other hand, the body image about motor function showed significantly higher score in the patients approach for the patients with poor outcome to become aware of their physical activity would be effective.     

A review of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1): neurodevelopment, cognition, and mental conditions.

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is a promising candidate gene for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP), but its basic biology remains to be elucidated. Accumulating genetic evidence supports that DISC1 is associated with some aspects of cognitive functions relevant to SZ and BP. Here, we provide a summary of the current updates in biological studies of DISC1. Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1, preferentially expressed in the forebrain, has multiple isoforms with potential posttranslational modifications. Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 protein occurs in multiple subcellular compartments, which include the centrosome, microtubule fractions, postsynaptic densities, actin cytoskeletal fractions, the mitochondria, and the nucleus. Recent studies have clarified that DISC1 mediates at least centrosome-dynein cascade and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Furthermore, both cytogenetic and cell biological studies consistently suggest that an overall loss of DISC1 function (either haploinsufficiency or dominant-negative, or both) may be associated with SZ and BP. On the basis of these findings, production of DISC1 genetically engineered mice is proposed as a promising animal model for SZ and BP. Several groups are currently generating DISC1 mice and starting to characterize them. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model are discussed.     

Change in apoptosis in the gastric surface epithelium and glands after eradication of Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND: Change in apoptosis in gastric glands after eradication of Helicobacter pylori has never been reported. AIMS: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the change in apoptosis in gastric glands after eradication of Heliobacter pylori. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 23 Heliobacter pylori-positive patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers, who were monitored for 6-12 months after eradication, and eight controls. Biopsies were taken from the antrum and body. Apoptosis was evaluated immunohistochemically using anti-single stranded DNA antibody. Apoptotic index was calculated by counting immunostained cells in surface epithelial and glandular cells. RESULTS: In the surface epithelium, Apoptotic indexes were significantly higher in patients than in controls. In the upper portion of fundic glands, apoptotic indexes were significantly higher in patients with gastric ulcers (14.2% (9.3, 17.8)) (median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile)) than in controls (8.0% (2.0, 9.0), p < 0.01) and decreased significantly after eradication (3.4% (2.0, 5.3)), p < 0.01). In pyloric glands, apoptotic indexes were no different between patients and controls. In the lower portion of fundic glands, apoptotic indexes were very low, both in patients and in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that apoptosis, not only of surface epithelial cells but also of glandular cells in the upper portion of fundic glands, increased in Heliobacter pylori-positive patients with gastric ulcers and decreased to normal levels after eradication of Heliobacter pylori.     

Genetic alteration in carcinoid tumors of the lung.

Surgically resected specimens of 13 carcinoid tumors of the lung including nine typical carcinoids and four atypical carcinoids, and eight salivary gland type carcinomas (six mucoepidermoid carcinomas and two adenoid cystic carcinomas) were analyzed regarding p53 expression, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosome 3p, 9p, and K-ras mutation. The overexpression of p53 was identified in four atypical carcinoid tumors, one mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and one adenoid cystic carcinoma, however, none of typical carcinoids showed p53 immunoreactivity. LOH in 3p14 was demonstrated in three of seven informative cases in all tumors. LOH in 9p was demonstrated in two of five informative cases in all tumors. Two of three cases with LOH at 3p14 had a poor prognosis, one of which also had LOH at 9p. No mutation of the K-ras gene was observed in any of these tumors. These data thus indicate that p53 overexpression might distinguish atypical carcinoid tumors from typical tumors and might therefore be useful as an adjunct modality in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary carcinoid tumors. The presence of LOH at 3p14 or 9p may thus help to identify lung cancer patients with a poor prognosis.     

POTASSIUM ACCELERATES URINARY SODIUM EXCRETION DURING SALT LOADING WITHOUT STIMULATING ATRIAL NATRIURETIC POLYPEPTIDE SECRETION

1. Effects of potassium (K) supplementation (100 mEq/day) on urinary sodium (Na) excretion and on the secretion of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) during salt loading (350 mEq/day) were studied in 12 healthy salt-resistant normotensives under strictly controlled metabolic ward conditions. 2. Urinary volume and Na excretion on the first day of the high salt period (HSP) were significantly greater in the K-supplemented group (KG) than in the control group (CG). 3. There was a significant gain in bodyweight after salt loading in both groups, with a significantly greater gain in CG on the second day of HSP. Haematocrit decreased significantly during salt loading in both groups, the degree of which was significantly greater in CG. 4. Plasma norepinephrine decreased significantly during salt loading in both groups, the degree of which was significantly less in KG than in CG. A significant increase in plasma ANP was observed in CG on and after the second day of HSP, while a significant increase in plasma ANP was observed on the fifth day of HSP in KG. 5. These findings indicate that K supplementation accelerates diuresis and natriuresis, resulting in moderate suppression of volume expansion induced by salt loading and that this accelerated diuresis and natriuresis is not a result of the action of ANP.     

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and tetralogy of fallot: report of a case.

We report an 18-month-old boy with the association of pectus excavatum and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We successfully performed simultaneous pectus repair using sternal elevation without any prosthetic support and total correction of TOF after a prior modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Retracting a divided costo-sternal complex with a rectus abdominal flap away from the operative field before the cardiac operation provided excellent surgical exposure. The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt prior to the combined repair prevented life-threatening hypoxic spells during dissection of the deformed sternum and costochondral cartilages before institution of cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Carcinogenic activity of endogenously synthesized N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine in rats administered bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and sodium nitrite

The carcinogenic activity of endogenously synthesized N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine(BHP) was investigated in male Wistar rats administered bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine(BHPA) mixed in powder diet at a concentration of 1%, and sodiumnitrite (SN) dissolved in distilled water at concentrationsof 0.15 and 0.3%, for 94 weeks. Urinary excretion of BHP wasdetected in rats given 1% BHPA and 0.3% SN but not in the groupsreceiving either of these precursors alone. Nasal cavity, lung,esophagus, liver and urinary bladder tumors were found in animalstreated with combinations of 1% BHPA and 0.15 or 0.3% SN, suggestingthat the target organs of the endogenously synthesized BHP aresimilar to those affected when the carcinogen is administeredexogenously. The incidences of nasal cavity and lung tumorsreached 74 and 58% in rats given 1% BHPA and 0.3% SN, respectively.Tumors at sites other than target organs were only found atlevels similar to those previously reported for spontaneoustumors in male Wistars. The present results clearly indicatedthe tumor inducibility of a nhrosatable amine, BHA, throughan endogenous nitrosation by feeding to rats in conjunctionwith nitrite, and provide further suggestive evidence that endogenousnitrosations of environmental nitrosatable amines can be a potentialrisk factor in human cancer development.     

Mechanisms underlying the enhanced elevation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA levels following endotoxin challenge in rat alveolar macrophages cultured with low-Mg2+ medium.

We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA levels in rat alveolar macrophages are increased in by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS)- stimulation and further enhanced by culturing with low-Mg2+ medium. We have now investigated the mechanisms of underlying this enhancement by using some specific signal transduction inhibitors. The enhanced elevation of both mRNAs levels was suppressed by pretreatment with TMB-8 (which inhibits calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum) or dexamethasone (which inhibits nuclear factor [NF]-kappaB and activator protein [AP]-1), but not with verapamil or nifedipine (which inhibits calcium channels). The enhancment of IL-1beta, but not TNF-alpha mRNA levels, was suppressed by pretreatment with W-7 (which inhibits calmodulin), whereas the enhancement of TNF-alpha mRNA levels was suppressed by pretreatment with U73122 (which inhibits phospholipase C). Curcumin (an inhibitor of AP-1), suppressed the increases in both mRNAs induced by low-Mg2+ medium alone, but had no suppressive effect on the levels of either mRNA after LPS-stimulation in low-Mg2+ medium. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (an inhibitor of NF-kappaB) prevented the elevation of TNF-alpha mRNA levels induced by low-Mg2+ medium without LPS-stimulation, but had no suppressive effect on IL-1beta mRNA levels. From these results, we conclude that the enhanced elevation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA levels seen in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages in low-Mg2+ medium occurs partly via the same, and partly via different, signaling pathways.     

A case of mixed connective tissue disease successfully treated for hemophagocytic syndrome with intermittent intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide]

A 52 year-old woman noticed general fatigue, polyarthralgia, and muscle weakness of lower extremities in October 2001. In December, she felt difficulty in walking due to muscle weakness. In January 2002, she admitted another hospital because of dyspnea on exertion and edema of lower extremities. Laboratory test revealed leukocytopenia, the elevation of creatine kinase and positive anti-U1-RNP antibodies. Her chest computed tomography (CT) showed severe interstitial pneumonia. Cardiac echogram revealed that she had pericardial effusion and pulmonary hypertension. Then she was transferred to Keio University Hospital and she was diagnosed as having mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) manifestating myositis, interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension and pericarditis. Prednisolone (PSL) 60mg daily following to methylprednisolone (mPSL) pulse therapy was begun and her symptoms were gradually improved. In middle of February, she complained of high fever over 39.0 degrees C. Bacterial culture tests were negative and laboratory data indicated pancytopenia and a high level of serum ferritin. Bone marrow aspiration revealed hemophagocytosis in bone marrow specimens and she was diagnosed as having hemophagocytic syndrome associated with MCTD. mPSL pulse therapy was not effective and intermittent cyclophosphamide pulse therapy (IV-CY) was performed resulting in improvement of the symptoms. This case suggested the effectiveness of IV-CY therapy in patients with corticosteroid-resistant HPS associated with connective tissue diseases.