汶川地震后1.5年空降兵救援部队创伤后应激障碍状况及影响因素分析

目的 探讨汶川地震后1.5年空降兵救援部队的创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)的发生率及其影响因素.方法 在地震后1.5年时,使用自编的一般情况调查表、创伤后应激障碍量表平民版(PCL-C)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾克森人格问卷(EPQ)对空降兵某部参加抗震救灾的183名官兵进行调查.结果空降兵救援部队的PCL-C总分≥38分6例,PTSD发生率为3.28%;PCL-C总分与SCL-90总分、神经质得分、SDS总分呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),与内外向得分呈显著负相关.救援人员中受伤组与未受伤组、家庭损失组与未损失组、接触尸体组与未接触尸体组的PCL-C总分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).回归分析显示军龄、神经质、家庭受损、救灾中受伤、接触死难者尸体为PTSD发生的影响因素.结论地震后1.5年时,空降兵救援部队PTSD的发生率高于军队的平时水平(0.49%),地震后期空降兵救援部队的PTSD值得继续关注.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence rate and the related risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) in the rescue paratroopers 1.5 year after Wenchuan earthquake. Methods A total of 183 rescue paratroopers who participated in disaster rescue after Wenchuan earthquake were investigated with the questionnaires composed by General state of health questionnaire, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version ( PCL-C), Symptom Checklist-90 ( SCL-90), Self-Rating Depression Scale ( SDS) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Results Six rescue paratroopers had total PCL-C score ≥ 38 points, with the prevalence rate of PTSD for 3.28%. Total PCL-C score was positively correlated with total SCL-90 score, N score of EPQ and total SDS score (P ＜ 0. 01), but negatively correlated with E score of EPQ. Total PCL-C score showed statistical difference between injury group and uninjury group, family loss group and family integrity group, contacting corpses group and none contacting corpses group (P＜0.05 or ＜0.01). Regression analysis showed the length of military service, nervousness, family loss by earthquake, suffering injuries or contacting corpses during relief operations were the risk factors for PTSD. Conclusion The prevalence rate of PTSD in the rescue paratroopers is higher than that in normal troops (0.49% ) 1.5 year after Wenchuan earthquake, indicating that further attention should be paid to the rescue paratroopers in later period after earthquake.     

Polarity proteins Bem1 and Cdc24 are components of the filamentous fungal NADPH oxidase complex

Regulated synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by membrane-bound fungal NADPH oxidases (Nox) plays a key role in fungal morphogenesis, growth, and development. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the plant symbiotic fungus, Epichloë festucae, requires functional assembly of a multisubunit complex composed of NoxA, a regulatory component, NoxR, and the small GTPase RacA. However, the mechanism for assembly and activation of this complex at the plasma membrane is unknown. We found by yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays that E. festucae NoxR interacts with homologs of the yeast polarity proteins, Bem1 and Cdc24, and that the Phox and Bem1 (PB1) protein domains found in these proteins are essential for these interactions. GFP fusions of BemA, Cdc24, and NoxR preferentially localized to actively growing hyphal tips and to septa. These proteins interact with each other in vivo at these same cellular sites as shown by bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays. The PB1 domain of NoxR is essential for localization to the hyphal tip. An E. festucae ΔbemA mutant was defective in hyphal morphogenesis and growth in culture and in planta. The changes in fungal growth in planta resulted in a defective symbiotic interaction phenotype. Our inability to isolate a Δcdc24 mutant suggests this gene is essential. These results demonstrate that BemA and Cdc24 play a critical role in localizing NoxR protein to sites of fungal hyphal morphogenesis and growth. Our findings identify a potential shared ancestral link between the protein machinery required for fungal polarity establishment and the Nox complex controlling cellular differentiation.The NADPH oxidases (Nox) are a widely distributed family of eukaryotic proteins that transfer electrons across biological membranes to catalyze the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide (1–3). The multiple Nox isoforms found in eukaryotic cells control various physiological and cellular differentiation processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and hormone responses in animals (1, 2), and programmed cell death, hormone signaling and root hair tip growth in plants (4).Fungi have three distinct subfamilies of NADPH oxidase (3, 5). NoxA has the core NADPH oxidase transmembrane and catalytic domains but no additional motifs, whereas NoxB has in addition, an N-terminal extension of ∼40 amino acids that is conserved among fungal species that have this isoform (3, 6). NoxC has a longer N-terminal extension, of 170–250 amino acids, which contains a putative calcium-binding EF-hand motif (3), similar to that found in human Nox5 and the plant Rboh enzymes (3, 5). In Aspergillus nidulans, Podospora anserina and Neurospora crassa, NoxA (Nox1) is required for the development of the sexual fruiting body, indicating that a common function of this isoform is regulation of multicellular development (7–10). NoxB (Nox2) is required for ascospore germination in P. anserina and N. crassa (7, 10). However, in Botrytis cinerea, both NoxA and NoxB are required for formation of the multicellular sclerotial sexual structure, but are dispensable for ascospore germination (11).Fungal NADPH oxidases are also required for cellular growth and differentiation processes associated with plant host infection and colonization. In the symbiotic interaction between the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae and perennial ryegrass, deletion of noxA, but not noxB, disrupted the highly regulated pattern of growth seen in WT associations (6). In the rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, disruption of either nox1 (noxA) or nox2 (noxB) resulted in loss of plant pathogenicity, due to an inability of the fungus to develop a penetration peg beneath the appressorium (12). Both NoxA and NoxB are important for pathogenicity of B. cinerea, but just NoxB is required for formation of the penetration structure (11).NoxR, a fungal homolog of the phagocytic p67^phox Nox regulator, has been shown to regulate both NoxA and NoxB. In the symbiotic fungus E. festucae, a noxR mutant has a similar disrupted symbiotic interaction phenotype as ΔnoxA (6, 13). In B. cinerea and N. crassa, deletion of noxR (nor-1) resulted in a similar developmental phenotype to the noxA(nox1)/noxB(nox2) double mutant (7, 11). Although NoxA and NoxB have distinct cellular functions, it is not yet known how NoxR regulates these two different Nox isoforms. The N-terminal domain of NoxR is similar to p67^phox, and includes four tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs required for Rac binding and a putative NADPH oxidase activation domain (3, 13) (Fig. 1A). In contrast, the C terminus of NoxR lacks the protein–protein interaction domains present in p67^phox, including Src Homology 3 (SH3) and a conventional Phox and Bem1 (PB1), for interaction with p47^phox and p40^phox, respectively (1, 14). The absence of these domains in NoxR is consistent with the apparent absence of p47^phox and p40^phox homologs in fungal genome databases (3, 13). However, NoxR does possess a nonconventional PB1 domain in the C terminus of the protein, suggesting that fungi have distinct regulatory components that, upon activation, interact with NoxR to translocate this protein from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to assemble and activate the Nox enzyme complex (3, 13) (Fig. 1A).Open in a separate windowFig. 1.(A) Domain structure of E. festucae NoxR, BemA, Cdc24, and CBS1-containing protein. The tetratricopeptide repeat (TPRs), Nox activation (AD), proline-rich region (PRR), Src homology 3 (SH3), Phox and Bem1 (PB1), phox homology (PX), cystathionine beta-synthase 1 (CBS1), and calponin homology (CH) domains are indicated. (B) Yeast two-hybrid assay of the interactions between PB1 domains of E. festucae NoxR, BemA, Cdc24, and CBS1-containing protein. Yeast strain AH109 was transformed with prey and bait vectors, pGADT7 and pGBKT7, as indicated and plated on to SD medium lacking leucine and tryptophan (Upper, -Leu/-Trp) or lacking leucine, tryptophan, histidine, and adenine (Lower, -Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade). Growth on the latter indicates an interaction between bait and prey. (C) Summary of interactions between PB1 domains based on results shown in B and Fig. S4A. (D) Yeast two-hybrid assay of interactions between full-length NoxR, BemA, and Cdc24. The plating conditions are the same as in B. (E) COS-7 cells were cotransfected with pEF-BOS-Flag-NoxR and pEF-BOS-Myc, or pEF-BOS-Myc-Cdc24 or pEF-BOS-Myc-BemA, or with pEF-BOS-Flag-BemA and pEF-BOS-Myc-Cdc24. Lysates of the transfected cells (Left) were analyzed by immunoprecipitation (IP) with control IgG (Center) or the anti-Flag monoclonal antibody (Right), followed by immunoblotting (WB) with the anti-Myc (Upper) or anti-Flag (Lower) monoclonal antibodies.The objectives of this study were (i) to identify additional components of the fungal Nox enzyme complex by identifying proteins that interact with the PB1 domain of E. festucae NoxR, (ii) to investigate the subcellular localization of these regulators to identify where the Nox complex is assembled, and (iii) to determine whether these proteins, like NoxA and NoxR, have a role in maintaining the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between E. festucae and its host grass perennial ryegrass.     

Internal fixation of fractures of both bones forearm: Comparison of locked compression and limited contact dynamic compression plate

Background:

The locking compression plate (LCP) with combination holes is a newer device in fracture fixation. We undertook a study comparing the LCP with limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) in the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of both bones of the forearm.

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective comparative study, 36 patients (18 in each group) with fractures of both the forearm bones (72 fractures) were treated with one of the two devices. The average age of the patients was 30.5 years (range 16–60 years) with mean followup of 2.1 years (range 1.5–2.8 years). The patients were assessed for fracture union and function and complications and by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score for patient related outcome at the latest followup.

Results:

There was no significant difference in two groups with respect to the range of movements or grip strength. One case had delayed union (LC-DCP group) and another had synostosis (LCP group). Plate removal was done in four cases within the study period with no refracture till the presentation of this report.

Conclusion:

LC plating is an effective treatment option for fractures of both bones of forearm. The present study could not prove its superiority over LC-DCP.     

Isolation of Shewanella algae from rectal swabs of patients with bloody diarrhoea

Shewanella algae is an emerging bacteria rarely implicated as a human pathogen. It was infrequently recovered from clinical specimens probably because of inadequate processing of non-fermenting oxidase-positive gram-negative bacilli. We report here isolation of S. algae in pure culture and mixed with E. coli from two cases of acute gastroenteritis with bloody mucous containing diarrhea occurring at the same time. As this organism is not a normal flora of the gut, the possible source of infection may be fish contaminated with the organism. Whether this bacterium can be considered an enteric pathogen needs to be evaluated. The cases were clinically diagnosed as acute bacillary dysentery. The bacterium was identified by 16S r-RNA gene sequence analysis.     

Epiploic Appendagitis: Report of Two Cases

Epiploic appendagitis (EA) refers to primary or secondary inflammatory disease of the epiploic appendages: peritoneal pouches of subserosal fat, which run in parallel rows beside the taenia coli of the colon. It is an uncommon but self-limiting condition, which often mimics acute appendicitis or diverticulitis. An accurate diagnosis of EA can be made by performing an abdominal computed tomography scan. Establishing a correct preoperative diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary exploratory laparoscopy or laparotomy. We report two cases of EA, which to our knowledge represent the first documented cases from India.     

Medicinal plants used by the people of Northeast India for curing malaria

The present study showed that the people of the Northeastern region of India use at least 65 plants belonging to 38 families to treat malaria. Different plant parts such as the leaf, root, bark and fruit and in some cases the whole plant were used for making the herbal preparations. All crude preparations were made using water as the medium. The preparations were orally administered either as a plant crude extract, juice and decoction or leaf infusion. Of the 65 plants, 21 were found to be used in the form of a decoction. The hard parts of the herbs such as the root and bark were taken in the form of a decoction. In some cases the ingredients of the herbal preparation also included honey or sugar. The present investigation also indicated that most of the preparations made for curing malaria were derived from single plant sources.     

Lutein/zeaxanthin isomers regulate neurotrophic factors and synaptic plasticity in trained rats

Background/aim This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, and synaptic plasticity proteins in trained rats.Materials and methods Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) control, 2) L/Zi: rats received L/Zi at the dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, 3) exercise, 4) exercise+L/Zi: rats exercised and received L/Zi (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. The duration of the study was eight weeks. Results Exercise combined with L/Zi reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant enzyme activities of muscle and cerebral cortex in rats (p < 0.001). In the Exercise + L/Zi group, muscle and cerebral cortex Nrf2 and HO-1 levels increased, while NF-κB levels decreased (p <0.001). Also, L/Zi improved BDNF, synapsin I, SYP, and GAP-43 levels of the cerebral cortex of trained rats (p < 0.001). The highest levels of BDNF, synapsin SYP, and GAP-43 in the cerebral cortex were determined in the Exercise+L/Zi group.Conclusion These results suggested that exercise combined with L/Zi supplementation might be effective to reduce neurodegeneration via improving neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins, and oxidative capacity in the cerebral cortex.