Production and characterization of genetically engineered antibody molecules

Expression of antibody heavy- and light-chain genes by transfection permits the production of monoclonal antibodies with improved biological and antigen-binding properties. The immunoglobulin genes are placed in vectors containing a gene for encoding a protein that provides a biochemically selectable function in eukaryotic cells; these vectors are transfected into myeloma and hybridoma cells. Selection of drug-resistant cells permits the efficient isolation of the rare cells that express the transfected DNA. By placing heavy and light chains on plasmids with different selectable markers, one can deliver heavy- and light-chain genes simultaneously to the same cell. The transfected immunoglobulin genes are efficiently expressed and the proteins produced are a faithful mirror of the genes that were introduced. Using the standard techniques of genetic engineering and gene transfection, we can now produce antibodies of widely varying structures, including chimeric antibodies with segments derived from different species. These antibodies provide useful reagents to study structure-function relationships within the antibody molecule. Ultimately it will be possible to produce a new generation of antibody molecules with improved antigen-binding properties and effector functions.     

脑囊虫病人血清、脑脊液中抗体在MRI各期的变化

目的 检测脑囊虫病人血清和脑脊液中抗体在MRI各期的变化。方法 用抑制性ELISA法检测血清及脑脊液中的抗体。同时根据MRI表现将病例分为活动期、退变期、非活动期。结果 在69个病例中，脑脊液中抗体阳性率分别是：活动期75．00％，退变期62．50％，非活动期17.24％；血清中是81．25％、16．67％、22．22％。在相应各期中，脑脊液和血清抗体阳性率无显著性差别。结论 在影像学的不同时期抗体阳性率存在明显的变化。     

脑外科手术后发生正常灌注压突破的发病机制及超微病理基础

目的:探讨脑外科手术后部分患者病变邻近脑组织发生正常灌注压突破并发症的发病机制及其超微病理基础.材料和方法:对68例脑内血管畸形病变邻近的脑组织进行电子显微镜观察.结果:病灶邻近脑组织内部分毛细血管外周的星形细胞足突缺失或出现血管基膜疏松、分层等发育不良的情况,甚至有些血管壁组织结构破损.结论:电子显微镜检查证实,在血管畸形病灶周围的脑组织内可见病理性血管.该血管的基膜发生病变,血管周围的星形细胞足突明显减少或破坏.当血液灌注压力突然变化时,这种病变的血管就可能发生液体外渗及破裂.这就是在神经外科手术中或手术后发生正常灌注压突破并发症的超微病理基础.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血原因的分析与处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术中出血的原因与处理方法。方法:回顾性分析重庆医科大学附二院2004年12月~2006年3月所行LC术中出血的112例临床资料,总结探讨LC术中出血的原因与处理方法。结果:LC术中出血的原因有主观的和客观的因素,112例患者中5例中转开腹止血,余经重新施夹,电凝,缝扎,止血海绵填塞压迫,纱布压迫止血,肝镰状韧带悬吊等方法,成功地控制了出血。结论:术中出血是LC术中严重且最常见的并发症,分析出血的原因及相应措施,提出预防措施5条。     

Changes in total sodium intake do not lead to proportionate changes in total sodium removal in CAPD patients.

BACKGROUND: Dietary salt and fluid restriction is important in controlling fluid balance in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). However, it is often difficult to monitor patients' dietary total sodium intake (TSI). Usually, total sodium removal (TSR), the sum of urinary sodium removal (USR) and dialysate sodium removal (DSR), is suggested to represent TSI. In the present study, we investigated the reliability of using TSR as a surrogate to TSI in CAPD patients. METHODS: 40 clinically stable CAPD patients were closely followed for 3 months. Their TSI, USR, DSR, and fluid status were measured twice: at baseline and at the end of this study respectively. Fluid status was evaluated by bioimpedance analysis. Patients with increased sodium intake (group ISI) or decreased sodium intake (group DSI) (both >0.5 g/day or >21.74 mmol/day elemental sodium) were included in this study. RESULTS: There were 15 patients in group ISI and 9 patients in group DSI. During the follow-up, although TSI increased in group ISI and decreased in group DSI (p < 0.05), there were no significant changes in USR, DSR, or TSR in either group. No relationship was found between TSI and TSR. Changes in weight, blood pressure, urine volume, ultra-filtration, and small solute removal (Kt/V and creatinine clearance) were not statistically significant between the two groups. Fluid status deteriorated in group ISI and improved in group DSI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that changes in total sodium intake do not lead to proportionate changes in total sodium removal in CAPD patients. Therefore, TSR (the sum of USR and DSR) should be used cautiously to monitor TSI in this patient population.     

Phase II study of high-dose ifosfamide in hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary A phase II study of high-dose ifosfamide in hepatocellular carcinoma was conducted among 17 Chinese patients. The dose of ifosfamide used was 2.5 g/m² daily given as a continuous infusion for 5 days. In all, 15 patients were evaluable for tumour response. There was no complete or partial responder. The treatment was well tolerated. The most frequent toxicity was alopecia, which occurred in 11 patients, and 5 patients developed mild haematological toxicity. There was no evidence of liver or bladder toxicity. Overall, 14 patients were evaluable for survival. The median survival was 92 days (range, 30–568 days). We conclude that high-dose ifosfamide is well tolerated but ineffective in hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients.     

Membrane lipids of B16 melanoma cells and heat-resistant variants

Membrane lipid composition and fluidity of a series of B16 melanoma cell variants with increased resistance to heat were analysed for changes within the lipid component that may contribute to the acquisition of heat resistance. Within one series of heat-resistant lines the cholesterol content of the cells decreased as their heat resistance increased. The most heat-resistant line, WH75, had 40 per cent less cholesterol than the parent line. No change in the composition of phospholipid fatty acids was found. An increased level of membrane fluidity in WH75 was demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance using 5- or 12-doxyl stearic acid. When challenged by heat the increase in membrane fluidity was similar for WH75 and for the parent line. Thus the increased heat resistance of the variants is probably not due to their ability to adapt to heat challenge by increasing membrane thermostability. The inverse relationship between heat resistance and cholesterol content was not demonstrated in two other series of heat-resistant variants. The cholesterol decrease, therefore, is not a universal response of cells as they acquire heat resistance.     

CT多平面重组显示镫骨的方法及应用价值

目的探讨利用螺旋CT多平面重组(mu ltip lanar reform ation,MPR)技术显示镫骨整体结构的方法和临床价值。方法对50例无耳症状、体征的志愿者行平行枕眶线扫描,应用轴位图像行多方位的MPR。比较轴位MPR、冠状位MPR、矢状位MPR和镫骨斜位MPR显示镫骨整体结构的差异。测量镫骨斜位图像显示层面在轴位定位图像上与矢状面的夹角,在冠状位定位图像上与矢状面的夹角。先天性镫骨异常31例,全部病例经电测听检查均表现有不同程度的传音性耳聋,均行听骨链重建术。结果正常组轴位、冠状位、矢状位均未能显示镫骨弓的整体形态,镫骨斜位MPR图像均直观显示了镫骨弓的整体形态和结构。在轴位定位图像上,镫骨斜位MPR图像显示层面与矢状面的夹角为36°±8°,在冠状位定位图像上与矢状面的夹角为57°±6°。异常组31例,其中一侧小腿缺如3例;镫骨弓不发育3例;镫骨底板增厚与周围骨融合16例;镫骨底板上结构(小头、颈、小腿)完全缺如9例,斜位MPR图像均直观显示其病理改变,轴位、冠状位以及矢状位图像均不能准确显示镫骨发育不良的病理改变。结论镫骨斜位MPR图像,能显示正常镫骨整体结构和镫骨异常改变,对听骨链重建术的术前评价具有重要意义。     

截瘫患者医院感染的监测及预防措施

目的了解截瘫患者医院感染的病原菌对药物敏感情况. 方法回顾分析我院自1996年9月～2003年11月,316例截瘫患者的有关临床资料. 结果 98例患者发生医院感染,医院感染率为31.01%,感染部位主要以呼吸道、皮肤软组织、手术切口、泌尿道感染为多;医院感染的病原菌主要是条件致病菌,以G-菌为主.结论医护人员必须严格无菌操作,根据细菌药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,加强营养,提高患者机体抵抗力.