Assessment of Women for Partner Abuse

Nearly 4 million women in the United States were physically hurt by their husbands or boyfriends in 1994. The health and well-being of these women and their children, as well as the women who are overlooked in these statistics, are jeopardized by past and current experiences with abuse within intimate relationships. Strategies for nurses in women's health care settings to screen women for current or past abuse within their intimate personal relationships, guidelines for effective responses to disclosure of abuse, and supportive interventions are described.     

Azulene als Dienophile in der [4+2]-Cycloaddition mit inversem Elektronenbedarf,eine Ergänzung

Azulenes as Dienophiles in the [4+2]-Cycloaddition with Inverse Electron Demand, a Supplement [4+2] Cycloadditions of azulene ( 2 ) und 1-Nitroazulene ( 14 ) with the extremely electron-deficient, s-cis-fixed diazadiene system of 3,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ( 1 ) are described. In addition to earlier findings 1 reacts with 2 probably in a two step [4+2] cycloaddition via 8 and 10 to yield the benzo[f]phthalazine 5a , via 8 and 9 to furnish the azuleno[d]pyridazine 3 and the azine 4 . The reaction of 1 with 1-Nitroazulene ( 14 ) leads to the azuleno[d]pyridazines 3 and 19 in low yield.     

Low-flow perfusion via the innominate artery during aortic arch operations provides only limited somatic circulatory support.

BACKGROUND: Aortic arch operations in pediatric patients using low-flow perfusion techniques have been standardized to a certain degree, but some of the often-stated beneficial effects have never been proven. Especially, the existence or efficacy of any subdiaphragmal perfusion still remains unclear. METHODS: Twenty-six newborn male piglets (10-15 kg) underwent aortic arch surgery under general anesthesia using either low-flow perfusion via the innominate artery (LF, 30 ml/(kg min), 25 degrees C, n=12) or conventional deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA, 20 degrees C, n=14). Cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), carotid, and subdiaphragmal blood flows were measured. The animals of both groups have been randomized to either pH-stat or alpha-stat management on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). RESULTS: During low-flow perfusion via the innominate artery only negligible flows of maximum 1-3 ml/min in the femoral arteries were detected, whereas the right carotid artery flow doubled. During reperfusion, serum-lactate and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) levels were significantly higher compared to the circulatory arrest group, whereas alanine amino-transferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), AP, and creatinine did not show any significant differences. Cortical SSEP returned to preoperative values in all but two low-flow animals. There was no return of SSEP in all piglets operated under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared to DHCA, low-flow perfusion via the innominate artery provides superior neuroprotection despite higher tissue temperatures. Although collateral blood flow via the subclavian artery and the circulus arteriosus willisii has often been presumed, only 'trickle-flow' with some protective potential was detectable in the femoral arteries during low-flow perfusion. Origin of elevated lactate and AST levels seems to be the lower limbs.     

Effect of the late complement components C5b-9 on human monocytes: release of prostanoids, oxygen radicals and of a factor inducing cell proliferation

Recently, we reported stimulation of rat macrophages and human platelets by isolated C5b-9 to synthesize prostaglandin E (PGE) or thromboxane B2 (TXB2). In the present study, we tested whether besides prostanoids, C5b-9 also would induce the production of other mediators. We found that C5b-9 in sublytic concentrations stimulated human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) or monocytes to release oxygen radicals. Furthermore, monocytes release interleukin-1 in response to C5b-9. Thus, besides having a lytic capacity, C5b-9 also functions as a stimulator of various cells.