荆州市乡村卫生室用药情况调查分析

目的：调查分析荆州市乡村卫生室用药情况，为有关部门制定农村医疗卫生政策提供依据。方法：抽样调查荆州市72个乡村卫生室1999—2000年用药情况，采用Microsoft Access2000及Microsoft Excel2000对调查结果进行数据录入、整理和统计处理。结果：荆州市农村用药处于较低水平，2000-1999年用量有一定增长。用药品种以国家基本药物为主，使用率较高的药物主要为抗感染药、解热镇痛抗炎抗痛风药、维生素、消化系统药、呼吸系统药等。结论：荆州市乡村卫生室药物应用基本合理。农村合作医疗政策是切实可行的。     

中国健康志愿者单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液耐受性研究

目的在中国健康成年志愿者中评价单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液的安全性、耐受性.方法根据新药临床试验指导原则设计试验方案,并获得伦理委员会批准.受试者须自愿签署知情同意书.选择48名18～50岁健康成人,经体检及实验室检查均在正常范围内.用区组随机化设计方法,将受试者随机分配至100mg、200mg、300mg、400mg、500mg、600mg、700mg、800mg剂量组中,每组6名,男女各半.观察指标为临床症状体征,实验室指标包括心电图、脑电图、血常规、凝血功能、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、电解质等.严密观察记录试验期间发生的不良事件.结果各组入选受试者体检及实验室检查各项指标测定值均在正常范围,条件均衡,具较好可比性.给药后体温、呼吸频率、脉搏、血压、血常规、尿常规、肾功能、电解质、心电图、脑电图等未见有临床意义的改变.试验中未见严重的临床不良反应,只发现3例次可能与药物有关的轻度-过性不良反应,分别表现为面部瘙痒、皮疹、GOT或GPT升高.结论健康受试者单次静滴甲磺酸加替沙星氯化钠注射液,最大剂量至800mg,比较安全、耐受性较好.推荐临床使用剂量为400mg/次/日.     

氨溴索对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦肺转运作用的临床研究

目的：研究氨溴索（沐舒坦）临床疗效及对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（舒普深）肺转运的作用。方法：对106例老年肺炎患者进行随机开放平行对照试验。分为治疗组54例，采用生理氯化钠溶液100mL加头孢哌酮／舒巴坦3.0g，以30mg.min^-1静滴，bid，在滴注50mL时，静注氨溴索45mg，时间不少于5min,bid；对照除不用氨溴索外，其他同治疗组。结果：治疗组，对照组总有效率分别为87．04％和78．80％（P＜0．05），痊愈率分别为70．37％和57．24％（P＜0．01）；细菌清除率分别78．17％和68．18％（P＜0．05）。痰药浓度治疗组高于对照组（P＜0．01），血药浓度2组间无显著性差异。结论：氨溴索不仅有祛痰作用外，还增加头孢哌酮／舒巴坦向转内转运，增强其杀菌作用。     

中国健康志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学

目的:研究中国健康成年男性志愿者单剂静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液的药代动力学。方法:按药物临床试验管理规范(GCP)指导原则设计试验方案。选择9名受试者分别依次单刘静滴100,200和400mg的甲磺酸加替沙星注射液后,应用HPLC测定血药浓度,采用3P97软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数。结果:受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,主要药代动力学参数C_(max)分别为1.10±0.19,2.17±0.33和3.16±0.47mg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)β分别为7.42±1.99,8.41±2.72和8.46±2.83h;AUC_(0-∞)分别为4.45 ±0.71,11.10±1.81和23.03±3.83mg h·L~(-1)。原形药主要经肾排泄,48h尿药累积排泄率分别为(43.08±15.79)％,(51.33±23.69)%和(45.67±18.22)％。结论:9名静滴甲磺酸加替沙星注射液后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型。提示甲磺酸加替沙星在100～400mg剂量内药物体内过程基本呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,主要排泄途径为肾脏。     

依那普利对2型糖尿病大鼠肠系膜血管内皮细胞的保护作用

目的　糖尿病血管病变的初始原因是血管内皮细胞损害。本研究观察依那普利对糖尿病大鼠肠系膜血管内皮细胞是否有保护作用。方法　大鼠用高脂饮食饲养 4周后 ,ip链佐霉素 30mg·kg- 1诱导 2型糖尿病 ,继续饲以高脂饮食 4周后 ,依那普利组给予依那普利 10mg·kg- 1·d- 1,ig ,连续 4周。采用大鼠离体肠系膜血管灌流技术 ,用去甲肾上腺素 1μmol·L- 1预收缩血管 ,再给予乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 1μmol·L- 1使血管舒张。观察ACh的舒张率来反映内皮细胞功能。结果　糖尿病大鼠肠系膜血管ACh舒张率为 (33±8) % ,较对照组 (79± 8) %明显降低 ,依那普利治疗组血管ACh舒张率为 (5 2± 6 ) % ,较糖尿病组明显改善。用皂素去内皮后 ,三个组肠系膜血管对ACh舒血管的反应性均明显降低 ,三组间无显著性差异。去内皮前后 ,三个组肠系膜血管对硝普钠舒张血管的反应性无显著变化。结论　依那普利对 2型糖尿病大鼠肠系膜血管内皮细胞具有保护作用。     

Induction of carbohydrate‐specific antibodies in HLA‐DR transgenic mice by a synthetic glycopeptide: a potential anti cancer vaccine for human use

Abstract: Over the last few years, anticancer immunotherapy has emerged as a new exciting area for controlling tumors. In particular, vaccination using synthetic tumor‐associated antigens (TAA), such as carbohydrate antigens hold promise for generating a specific antitumor response by targeting the immune system to cancer cells. However, development of synthetic vaccines for human use is hampered by the extreme polymorphism of human leukocyte‐associated antigens (HLA). In order to stimulate a T‐cell dependent anticarbohydrate response, and to bypass the HLA polymorphism of the human population, we designed and synthesized a glycopeptide vaccine containing a cluster of a carbohydrate TAA B‐cell epitope (Tn antigen: α‐GalNAc‐Ser) covalently linked to peptides corresponding to the Pan DR ‘universal’ T‐helper epitope (PADRE) and to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The immunogenicity of the construct was evaluated in outbred mice as well as in HLA transgenic mice (HLA‐DR1, and HLA‐DR4). A strong T‐cell dependent antibody response specific for the Tn antigen was elicited in both outbred and HLA transgenic mice. The antibodies induced by the glycopeptide construct efficiently recognized a human tumor cell line underlying the biological relevance of the response. The rational design and synthesis of the glycopeptide construct presented herein, together with its efficacy to induce antibodies specific for native tumor carbohydrate antigens, demonstrate the potential of a such synthetic molecule as an anticancer vaccine candidate for human use.     

pH and bicarbonate in the ductuli efferentes testis of the rat

The pH and bicarbonate concentrations of luminal fluids in the efferent ducts of the rat were estimated from pH measurements of samples in vitro under conditions of controlled temperature and carbon dioxide tension. The pH of scrotal blood was estimated to be more acidic than systemic blood (mean pH=7.44) at either of the putative scrotal carbon dioxide tensions (5% and 7%, pH, respectively,=7.42 and 7.28). For PCO2 tensions of 5% and 7%, respectively, the data indicated that the pH in the efferent ducts was significantly higher (distal initial zone pH=7.55 or 7.41; coni vasculosi pH=7.66 or 7.51; p < 0.01) than in fluid entering (rete testis fluid, pH=7.34 or 7.20) or leaving the ducts (zone 1a of the epididymal duct 7.26 or 7.11). Bicarbonate concentrations were also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the efferent ducts (35.4 +/- 4.7 mM, distal initial zone; 45.2 +/- 7.6 mM, coni vasculosi) than in fluids entering (22.9 +/- 3.6 mM) or leaving (20.4 +/- 4.9 mM) the ducts. Estimates of the reabsorption of bicarbonate and fluid indicated that 96% of the testicular output of bicarbonate was reabsorbed in the efferent ducts, but there was also some secretion of bicarbonate into the ducts. It is concluded that luminal pH and bicarbonate levels in the efferent ducts of the rat are high relative to those found in the epididymis where low pH and bicarbonate contributes to sperm quiescence during storage. Nevertheless, the high rate of bicarbonate reabsorption in the efferent ducts is a major contributor to the establishment of the low pH and bicarbonate milieu of the epididymis.     

Maturation of epididymal spermatozoa in the nondomesticated guinea pigs Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides

The physiological changes occurring in spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract of 2 nondomesticated species of South American guinea pigs with different mating systems were studied. Cavia aperea, the wild ancestor of the domesticated guinea pig, has a polygynous mating system, whereas Galea musteloides exhibits promiscuous mating behavior. The epididymis of both species resembled that of the domesticated guinea pig, with a swathe of tubule convolutions (linking the 2 major parts of the organ) that was of smaller size in Cavia but not Galea. Higher relative epididymal weight was demonstrated in the promiscuous species. During their journey through the epididymis, spermatozoa from Galea developed their potential for motility expression more proximally than did those of Cavia, but motility developed into forward progression in the same region in both species. The maximal velocities exhibited by mature Cavia sperm in vitro were greater than those of Galea. Spermatozoa from Cavia were twice the length of those from Galea, they had larger heads, and the acrosomes of single sperm were more sensitive to disruption during morphological preparation. Only in Cavia did agglutination of sperm into rouleaux occur, after the potential for motility had been developed. Migration of the cytoplasmic droplet along the midpiece occurred in the same regions in both species and before agglutination in Cavia. It is suggested that the male's reproductive strategy (polygyny vs promiscuity) dictates the size of the testis and epididymis, whereas the female's reproductive physiology (induced ovulation vs cyclicity) influences the posttesticular development of sperm morphology and motility in the epididymis.