Evaluation of a voluntary, military-style residential treatment program for adolescents with academic and conduct problems.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a military-style residential treatment program for adolescents with academic and conduct problems. Two hundred twelve referred adolescents were separated into 3 groups for analyses: (a) adolescents who completed the 22-week program, (b) adolescents who prematurely withdrew, and (c) wait-list controls. Adolescents' socioemotional and behavioral functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months after treatment. Results showed statistically and clinically significant reductions in externalizing symptoms and increases in adaptive behavior associated with treatment. Treatment was also associated with increased likelihood of high school completion or employment and decreased likelihood of alcohol or drug problems and arrest. The relation between treatment participation and outcomes was moderated by adolescents' living environments after treatment, but it was not moderated by age of symptom onset. The benefits of treatment may be partially attributable to the voluntary nature of the intervention.     

Neurobehavioral Symptoms and Family Functioning in Traumatically Brain-Injured Adults

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in a myriad of symptoms across physical, cognitive, and neurobehavioral domains. Despite inherent limitations associated with physical or cognitive impairments, the extant literature suggests that neurobehavioral symptoms tend to be the most distressing symptoms for the family and are more strongly related to poor outcome for the patient. The Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile (NBAP) along with the General Functioning subscale of the Family Assessment Device (FAD-GF) and the Perceived Stress Scale were administered to 153 family members of persons who had sustained a TBI. The results provide new normative data and statistical support for the NBAP as a promising measure of neurobehavioral symptomatology following TBI. The correlation of.54 (p <.01) between FAD-GF and Full Scale NBAP scores provides powerful support for the hypothesis that family dysfunction is related to the presence of neurobehavioral symptoms in the patient. NBAP domains of Depression, Inappropriateness, Pragnosia, and Indifference appear most strongly related to family functioning and also bear a significant relationship to caregiver stress level and patient unemployment, whereas injury severity had little impact on either family functioning or neurobehavioral symptoms. The findings reinforce the significance of neurobehavioral symptoms and fortify their proposed link to family dysfunction post-TBI.     

Reproductive genetic counselling in non-mosaic 47,XXY patients: implications for preimplantation or prenatal diagnosis: Case report and review

With an incidence of approximately 1 in 500 male newborns, the 47,XXY genotype is one the most common sex chromosome anomalies. It is also the most frequent genetic cause of human infertility. Some non-mosaic 47,XXY patients have sperm production which allows infertility treatment to be offered by ICSI. Therefore, the risk of transmitting a chromosome anomaly to the next generation is an important problem in reproductive genetic counselling of these patients. Here, we report on a twin pregnancy where two karyotypically normal neonates 46,XX and 46,XY were born after the use of ICSI in assisted reproduction of a patient with a non-mosaic 47,XXY syndrome. To date, only 38 evolving pregnancies including the present cases, have been reported after ICSI using sperm from non-mosaic 47,XXY patients. Although these data are scarce, they suggest that the risk of chromosome anomaly in the offspring of these patients is low; hence, their reproductive genetic counselling can be reassuring, and management of the pregnancy can proceed with caution.     

Cortical auditory processing and communication in children with autism: electrophysiological/behavioral relations.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relations between late auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) recorded at temporal sites (the N1c wave or Tb) and verbal and non-verbal abilities in children with autism. The study was performed in 26 mentally retarded children with autism (AUT) aged 4-8 years (mean age +/- S.E.M. = 71 +/- 2 months; mean verbal and non-verbal developmental quotient +/- S.E.M. = 36 +/- 4 and 48 +/- 3). The stimuli used were 750 Hz tone bursts of 200 ms duration delivered binaurally at different intensity levels (50, 60, 70, 80 dB SPL) with 3-5 s interstimulus intervals. Temporal AEPs were first compared to those of a group of 16 normal children (NOR) in the same age range (mean age +/- S.E.M. = 69 +/- 3 months). We then focused on the AUT group and considered relations between temporal AEPs and the severity of disorders of verbal and non-verbal communication assessed using a behavior rating scale. AEPs recorded on left and right temporal sites were of smaller amplitude in the AUT group than in the NOR group. Increasing intensity-related amplitude was observed on both sides in NOR and only on the right side in AUT. The lack of intensity effect on the left side resulted in a particular pattern of asymmetry at the highest level of intensity (80 dB SPL) with greater N1c amplitude on the right than on the left side (the reverse was found in the NOR group). Electro-clinical correlations indicated that the greater the amplitude of the right temporal N1c responses, the higher the verbal and non-verbal communication abilities. This suggests a developmental reorganization of left-right hemisphere functions in autism, with preferential activation of the right hemisphere for functions usually allocated to the left hemisphere, particularly those involving the secondary auditory areas situated on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus where the N1c/Tb wave is generated.     

A locus for Bowen-Conradi syndrome maps to chromosome region 12p13.3

Bowen-Conradi syndrome (BCS) is a lethal autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 355 live births in the Hutterite population. A few cases have been reported in other populations. Here, we report the results of a genome-wide scan and fine mapping of the BCS locus in Hutterite families. By linkage and haplotype analysis the BCS locus was mapped to a 3.5 cM segment (1.9 Mbp) in chromosome region 12p13.3 bounded by F8VWF and D12S397. When genealogical relationships among the families were taken into account in the linkage analysis, the evidence for linkage was stronger and the number of potentially linked regions was reduced to one. Under the assumption that all the Hutterite patients were identical by descent for a disease-causing mutation, haplotype analysis was used to infer likely historical recombinants and thereby narrow the candidate region to a chromosomal segment shared in common by all the affected children. This study also demonstrates that BCS and cerebro-oculo-facial-skeletal syndrome (COFS) are genetically distinct.     

Composite articular cartilage engineered on a chondrocyte-seeded aliphatic polyurethane sponge

To circumvent the reconstructive disadvantages inherent in resorbable polyglycolic acid (PGA)/polylactic acid (PLA) used in cartilage engineering, a nonresorbable, and nonreactive polyurethane sponge (Tecoflex sponge, TS) was studied as both a cell delivery device and as an internal support scaffolding. The in vitro viability and proliferation of porcine articular chondrocytes (PACs) in TS, and the in vivo generation of new articular cartilage and long-term resorption, were examined. The initial cell attachment rate was 40%, and cell density increased more than 5-fold after 12 days of culture in vitro. PAC-loaded TS blocks were implanted into nude mice, became opalescent, and resembled native cartilage at weeks 12 and 24 postimplantation. The mass and volume of newly formed cartilage were not significantly different at week 24 from samples harvested at week 6 or week 12. Safranin O-fast green staining revealed that the specimens from cell-loaded TS groups at week 12 and week 24 consisted of mature cartilage. Collagen typing revealed that type II collagen was present in all groups of tissue-engineered cartilage. In conclusion, the implantation of PAC-TS resulted in composite tissue-engineered articular cartilage with TS as an internal support. Long-term observation (24 weeks) of mass and volume showed no evidence of resorption.     

Ultrastructural morphometry of capillary basement membrane thickness in normal and transgenic diabetic mice

Capillary basement membrane (CBM) thickening is an ultrastructural hallmark in diabetic patients and in animal models of diabetes. However, the wide variety of tissues sampled and diverse methods employed have made the interpretation of thickness data difficult. We showed previously that acellular glomerular BMs in OVE26 transgenic diabetic mice were thickened beyond normal age-related thickening, and in the current study we hypothesized that other microvascular BMs likewise would show increased widths relative to age-matched controls. Accordingly, a series of tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, ocular retina and choriod, peripheral nerve, lung, pancreas, and renal glomerulus was collected from 300-350-day-old normal and transgenic mice. Transmission electron micrographs of cross sections through capillary walls were prepared, and CBM thickness (CBMT) was determined by the "orthogonal intercept" method. Morphometric analyses showed highly variable transgene-related BMT increases in the sampled tissues, with glomerular BM showing by far the greatest increase (+87%). Significant thickness increases were also seen in the retina, pulmonary alveolus, and thoracoabdominal diaphragm. BMT increases were not universal; however, most were modestly widened, and those that were thickest in controls generally showed the greatest increase. Although the pathogenesis of diabetes-related increases in CBM is poorly understood, data in the current study showed that in OVE26 transgenic mice increased BMT was a frequent concomitant of hyperglycemia. Accordingly, it seems likely that hyperglycemia-induced microvascular damage may be a contributing factor in diabetic BM disease, and that microvessel cellular and extracellular heterogeneity may limit the extent of CBM thickening in diverse tissues.     

Molecular genetic analysis of familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease linked to chromosome 14q24.3

Genetic linkage studies have indicated that chromosome 14q24.3harbours a major locus for early-onset (onset age <65 years)Alzheimer's disease (AD3). Positional cloning efforts have identifieda novel gene S182 or presenilin 1 as the AD3 gene. We have mappedS182 in the AD3 candidate region between D14S277 and D14S284defined by genetic linkage studies in the two chromosome 14linked, early-onset AD families AD/A and AD/B. We have shownthat S182 is expressed in lymphoblasts and have determined thecomplete cDNA in both brain and lymphoblasts by RT-PCR sequencing.S182 is alternatively spliced in both brain and lymphoblastswithin a putative phosphorylation site located 5' in the codingregion. We identified two novel mutations, Ile143Thr and Gly384Alalocated in, respectively, the second transmembrane domain andin the sixth hydrophilic loop of the putative transmembranestructure of S182. As families AD/A and AD/B have a very similarAD phenotype our observation of two mutations in functionallydifferent domains suggest that onset age and severity of ADmay not be very helpful predictors of the location of putativeS182 mutations.     

Do dysfunctional cognitions mediate the relationship between risk factors and postnatal depression symptomatology?

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the mediating role of general and maternal-specific dysfunctional cognitions, in the relationship between non-cognitive risk factors and postnatal depressive symptomatology. METHODS: An Australian community sample comprising 406 postnatal women responded to the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), the Maternal Attitudes Questionnaire (MAQ), the Vulnerable Personality Style Questionnaire (VPSQ) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). They also responded to several questions related to perinatal and postnatal experiences. RESULTS: Path analysis demonstrated that different mediational pathways operated for different risk factors. The relationship between having a difficult baby and postnatal depression was fully mediated by maternal-specific dysfunctional cognitions (MAQ scores), whereas the relationship between past history of depression and postnatal depression was partially mediated by general dysfunctional cognitions (DAS scores). Finally, the relationship between a vulnerable personality and depressive symptomatology was mediated by both DAS and MAQ scores. LIMITATIONS: The study employed a correlational design. Thus, all inferences regarding possible causal pathways are tentative. In addition, the generalisability of these findings to other populations needs to be demonstrated in future research. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study are consistent with the view that risk factors may influence postnatal depression indirectly through at least two distinct cognitive mediators (dysfunctional maternal and general cognitions). It may be possible to target therapies more effectively by identifying the relevant mediating mechanism(s) for individuals with different risk profiles.