Modelling debonded stem-cement interface for hip implants: effect of residual stresses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the residual stresses due to cement curing on the load transfer of cemented hip implants. DESIGN: The load transfer at the stem-cement interface of an idealized hip stem surrounded by cortical bone was investigated using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. A debonded stem-cement interface was considered to simulate a highly polished stem in contact with cement; Coulomb friction at the stem-cement interface was considered. BACKGROUND: Numerical analyses on the load transfer of cemented hip implants do not include residual stresses due to cement curing at the stem-cement interface. METHODS: The magnitude of the residual stresses was determined experimentally. In the finite element model, non-linear contact elements modelled the debonded stem-cement interface. In particular, the compressive radial residual stresses that are generated at the interface, due to the cement expansion during curing, were treated similar to a press-fit problem. RESULTS: The cement stress distributions were affected by the magnitude of the residual stresses. Failing to include residual stresses underestimated the cement stresses at the interface, mainly affecting the radial and hoop stresses. The load was transferred from the stem to the cement more uniformly along the interface once residual stresses were included. CONCLUSIONS: Because there is no chemical bond at the interface between the stem and cement, the interface resistance depends on friction thus radial residual compressive stresses developed by the cement curing play a direct role. RELEVANCE: Implant loosening of cemented hip implants is one of the major causes of late failure of the arthroplasty. The load is transferred from the stem to the bone primarily across the interfaces, consequently modelling accurately the interface is essential in predicting the load transfer.     

Sensitization to horse hair, symptoms and lung function in grooms

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the rate of occupational sensitization to horse hair in grooms and whether occupational exposure to horse hair increases respiratory and allergic symptoms and affects lung function in grooms or not. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Two hundred grooms were randomly selected among 1000 grooms working in Veliefendi Hippodrome of Istanbul. One hundred and twenty-five subjects agreed to enter the study. Ninety-two workers who worked in the different parts of this hippodrome enrolled as the control group. A detailed questionnaire including respiratory and allergic symptoms was filled in, physical examination, skin prick tests and pulmonary function tests were performed. RESULTS: Sensitization to horse hair was 12.8% in grooms and 4.3% in controls. The difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0035). Asthma was found in 14.4% of the grooms and 5.4% of the controls, allergic rhinitis in 42.4% of the grooms and 18.4% of the controls, allergic conjunctivitis in 35.2% of the grooms and 15.2% of the controls, and allergic skin diseases in 32.8% of the grooms and 13% of the controls. The differences were statistically significant (P = 0.043, P = 0.0002, P = 0.001 and P = 0.0008, respectively). The means of FEV1, FEV1/FVC and FVC parameters were significantly lower in the groom group (P = 0.006, P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, being in the groom group and working years were found to be predictive factors for impairments of lung function (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Occupational exposure to horse increases the sensitization to horse hair, induces asthma and allergic symptoms and also impairs lung functions.     

TCRBV3S1 and TCRBV18 gene segment polymorphisms in Brazilian Caucasoid and Black populations.

The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire plays an important role in shaping specific immune responses. Genetic polymorphisms at the TCR locus, in both constant and variable regions, seem to represent an important mechanism for generating inter-individual and inter-population differences. Considering the scarcity of immune parameters characterized for normal human populations, we decided to determine the frequency of two TCRBV polymorphisms (located in the TCRBV3S1 and TCRBV18 gene segments) in two ethnically distinct groups of the general Brazilian population. Both polymorphisms are related to the expression of these segments at the T-cell surface and can consequently modulate the T-cell repertoire, potentially modifying the capacity of a given individual to develop an immune response. These DNA polymorphisms were analysed in material obtained from adult, normal South-American Caucasoid and Black individuals. A total of 139 individuals were analysed for the TCRBV3S1 and 141 for the TCRBV18 gene segment polymorphisms. The data indicated statistically significant differences in allelic frequencies for the two ethnic groups analysed, suggesting that any correlation between TCR usage or T-cell repertoire and development of a given disease should take in account the ethnic origin of the population studied.     

Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

All surgical patients are at risk for the development of deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism or postphlebitic syndrome. The evolution of ultrasonographic imaging has increased the awareness of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Duplex imaging and Doppler color flow imaging have made the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis relatively simple, painless, inexpensive, and definitive. These procedures have gained acceptance by both patients and physicians. Several risk factors have been identified that increase the chance of the development of deep venous thrombosis. These factors include a history of deep venous thrombosis, presence of a malignant process, increasing age, cigarette smoking, obesity, prolonged bed rest, and general anesthesia. The greater the number of risk factors, the more aggressive prophylaxis should be. Means of prophylaxis have improved, and surgeons now generally agree that some form of prophylaxis is required. Heparin and intermittent compression devices appear to be equally effective in preventing deep venous thrombosis. The addition of venous monitoring in high-risk patients permits immediate identification of the presence of deep venous thrombosis. During the last decade, the treatment of patients with deep venous thrombosis has changed little. Heparin followed by warfarin remains the treatment of choice. A small group of patients receive fibrinolytic therapy for deep venous thrombosis. Although the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis has decreased during the last decade, it remains a significant complication.     

The precision of positron emission tomography: theory and measurement

The limits of quantitation with positron emission tomography (PET) are examined with respect to the noise propagation resulting from radioactive decay and other sources of random error. Theoretical methods for evaluating the statistical error have been devised but seldom applied to experimental data obtained on human subjects. This paper extends the analysis in several ways: (1) A Monte Carlo method is described for tracking the propagation of statistical error through the analysis of in vivo measurements; (2) Experimental data, obtained in phantoms, validating the Monte Carlo method and other methods are presented; (3) A difference in activation paradigm, performed on regional CBF (rCBF) data from five human subjects, was analyzed on 1.6-cm diameter regions of interest to determine the mean fractional statistical error in PET tissue concentration and in rCBF before and after stereotactic transformation; and (4) A linear statistical model and calculations of the various statistical errors were used to estimate the magnitude of the subject-specific fluctuations under various conditions. In this specific example, the root mean squared (RMS) noise in flow measurements was about three times higher than the RMS noise in the concentration measurements. In addition, the total random error was almost equally partitioned between statistical error and random fluctuations due to all other sources.     

Regulatory properties of brain glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): the apoenzyme of GAD is present principally as the smaller of two molecular forms of GAD in brain

The apoenzyme of glutamate decarboxylase [enzyme without bound cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P)] serves as a reservoir of inactive glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that can be activated when additional GABA synthesis is required. We have investigated which of two molecular forms of GAD is present as apoenzyme in synaptosomes and in cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebellum of rat brain. Endogenous glutamate apodecarboxylase (apoGAD) was labeled by incubating extracts of synaptosomes or punches of each region with 32P-pyridoxal-P, followed by reduction with NaBH4, to link covalently the 32P-pyridoxal-P to GAD. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Punches from all four brain regions and forebrain synaptosomes contained two forms of GAD with apparent Mrs of 63 and 65 kDa as identified by immunoblotting with four antiGAD sera. Punches and synaptosomes contained a major 32P-pyridoxal-P-labeled band with an apparent Mr of 63 kDa that was stained on immunoblots by the antiGAD serum 1440 and the monoclonal antibody GAD-6, and a minor labeled band at 65 kDa that was stained by the 1440, 6799, and K2 antisera. Synaptosomes contained remarkably few other strongly labeled proteins, but punches contained several other labeled bands. Three additional lines of evidence indicate that the labeled 63-kDa protein is apoGAD: (1) it was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with the GAD-1 monoclonal antibody; (2) it yielded one major labeled peptide when digested with chymotrypsin, and that peptide appeared identical in peptide-mapping experiments to the labeled active-site peptide isolated from chromatographically prepared rat brain GAD; and (3) its labeling was selectively blocked by 4-deoxypyridoxine 5'-phosphate, a competitive inhibitor of the binding of pyridoxal-P to GAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram in neonatal rats chronically treated with the NMDA antagonist MK-801.

In order to study the involvement of NMDA-receptor activation in brain development, rat pups were chronically treated with the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 during the neonatal period. We recorded the cortical EEG at various vigilance states throughout the treatment period. Spectral analysis of the EEG showed reduced power in the delta (delta) frequency range (1.5-4 Hz) during quiet sleep and less power in the theta (theta) range (4-7 Hz) during REM-sleep in MK-801 animals than in controls. No significant differences were found for the total time spent in each of the different vigilance states. We conclude that chronic MK-801 treatment probably causes a developmental retardation in state-related brain activities.