Studies on the development of colon targeted oral drug delivery systems for ornidazole in the treatment of amoebiasis

The aim of the present study is to develop colon-targeted drug delivery sytems for ornidazole using guar gum as a carrier. The core formulation containing ornidazole was directly compressed. Compression-coated tablets of ornidazole containing various proportions of guar gum in the coat were prepared. All the formulations were evaluated for hardness and drug content uniformity and were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The amount of ornidazole released from tablets at different time intervals was estimated by the HPLC method. The compression-coated formulations released less than 8% of ornidazole in the physiological environment of stomach and small intestine. The compression-coated tablets with 85%, 75%, and 65% of guar gum coat released about 21%, 38%, and 73% of ornidazole, respectively, in simulated colonic fluids indicating the susceptibility of the guar gum formulations to the rat caecal contents. The results of the study show that compression-coated ornidazole tablets with either 65% (OLV-65) or 75% (OLV-75) of guar gum coat are most likely to provide targeting of ornidazole for local action in the colon owing to its minimal release of the drug in the first 5 hr. The ornidazole compression-coated tablets showed no change in physical appearance, drug content, or in dissolution pattern after storage at 40°C/75% relative humidity for 6 months.     

Effect of limonene on the in vitro permeation of nicardipine hydrochloride across the excised rat abdominal skin

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of limonene on in vitro permeation of nicardipine hydrochloride across the excised rat abdominal skin from a 2% w/w hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) gel. The HPC gel formulations containing 1% w/w of nicardipine hydrochloride and selected concentrations of limonene (0% w/w to 12% w/w) were prepared, and subjected to in vitro permeation of the drug through excised rat abdominal epidermis. The drug content in the gels was found to be uniform and the drug was found to be stable in the HPC gel formulations. The permeation flux of nicardipine hydrochloride across rat epidermis was increased markedly by the addition of limonene to the HPC gels. A maximum flux was observed (246 +/- 1 micrograms/cm2/h) with an enhancement ratio of about 8 when limonene was incorporated at a concentration of 4% w/w. However, there was no further increase in the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride beyond 4% w/w of limonene. The DSC and FT-IR data indicated that limonene increased the permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride across the rat epidermis by partial extraction of lipids in the stratum corneum. The results suggest that limonene may be useful for enhancing the skin permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride from transdermal therapeutic system containing HPC gel as a reservoir.     

Penetration enhancing effect of menthol on the percutaneous flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through excised rat epidermis from hydroxypropyl cellulose gels

The aim of the present investigation is to study the penetration enhancing effect of menthol on the percutaneous flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through the excised rat epidermis from 2% w/w hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) gel system. The HPC gel formulations containing nicardipine hydrochloride and selected concentrations of menthol (0-12% w/w) were prepared, and evaluated for in vitro permeation of the drug through excised rat abdominal epidermis. The percutaneous flux of nicardipine hydrochloride across rat epidermis was enhanced markedly by the addition of menthol to the HPC gels. A maximum flux of nicardipine hydrochloride (227.70 +/- 1.30 micrograms cm-2 hr-1) was observed with an enhancement ratio of 7.12 when menthol was incorporated at a concentration of 8% w/w in a reservoir HPC system. The differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy data indicated that menthol increased the percutaneous flux of nicardipine hydrochloride through the rat skin by partial extraction of lipids in the stratum corneum. The results suggest that menthol may be useful for increasing the skin permeability of nicardipine hydrochloride from transdermal therapeutic system containing HPC gel as a reservoir.     

敏净冲剂的抗过敏作用

0　引言　敏净冲剂是由地肤子、金银花、槐花等药味组成的纯中药制剂 ,临床用于治疗荨麻疹等多种变态反应性皮肤病疗效满意且无毒副作用 .前文 [1 ]已报道敏净冲剂对小鼠特异性及非特异性免疫反应均有一定抑制作用 ,我们主要从变态反应角度 ,结合体内及体外实验 ,观察敏净冲剂抗过敏的药理作用 .1　材料和方法1.1　材料　敏净冲剂稠浸膏 ,由本所制剂室提供 ,临用前用蒸馏水或台氏液配成不同浓度备用 (本文剂量均以原生药计 ) ;卵白蛋白 :Sigma公司产品 ;百日咳、白喉、破伤风三联疫苗 :卫生部兰州生物制品研究所生产 .动物为豚鼠 10 0只 ,…     

Peripheral giant cell granuloma. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

OBJECTIVE: To study the nature of multinucleated and mononuclear cells from peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 40 cases of PGCG were immunohistochemically stained for vimentin, alpha I-antichymotrypsin, CD68, S-100 protein, lysozyme. leucocyte common antigen (LCA), factor VIII-retated antigen and muscle cell actin. Six cases of PGCG were also studied by transmission etectron microscopy.
RESULTS: Vimentin, alpha I-antichymotrypsin and CD68 were expressed in both the mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells. Dendritic mononuclear cells, positive for 5–100 protein, were noted in 67.5% of the lesions, whereas lysozyme and leucocyte common antigen were detected in occasional mononuclear cells. Ultrastructural examination showed mononuclear cells with signs of phagocytosis and sometimes interdigitations with similar cells. Others presented non-specific characteristics and the third type exhibited cytoplasmic processes and occasional Birbeck granules. Some multi-nucleated giant cells showed oval nuclei, abundant mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum whereas others presented with irregular nuclei and a great number of cytoplasmic vacuoles.
CONCLUSIONS: lmmunohistochemical and ultrastructural results suggest that PGCGs of the jaws are composed mainly of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system and that Langerhans cells are present in two thirds of the lesions.     

异基因外周血干细胞移植患者人类白细胞抗原B27的表达

目的:分析白血病患者行异基因外周血干细胞移植后人类白细胞抗原B27的表达特点,及其与慢性移植物抗宿主病的关系。方法:选择2003-09/2006-06在广西医科大学第一附属医院行异基因外周血干细胞移植术的45例白血病患者,按《血液病诊断和疗效标准》进行疾病的诊断和分型。全部患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。男27例,女18例,22～51岁。其中急性髓细胞白血病13例、急性淋巴细胞白血病17例、慢性粒细胞白血病15例。供者均为白细胞抗原配型6个位点全相合的同胞兄妹。急性髓细胞白血病和慢性粒细胞白血病患者采用BU/CY方案:马利兰4mg/(kg·d)×4d,环磷酰胺60mg/(kg·d)×2d;急性淋巴细胞白血病患者预处理采用TBI/CY方案:全身照射5.0Gy/d×2d,环磷酰胺60mg/(kg·d)×2d。供者采用粒细胞集落刺激因子皮下注射动员干细胞。采用美国Baxter CS-3000plus血细胞分离机采集外周血干细胞,每位供者采集0, 1, 2d3次。回输单个核细胞、粒-单核系集落形成单位、CD34 细胞。采用流式细胞术动态检测45例白血病患者异基因外周血干细胞移植前后人类白细胞抗原B27表达的变化。结果:45例患者全部进入结果分析。①45例患者均获得造血重建,经荧光标记PCR短串联重复序列DNA位点分析,全部患者移植后血细胞的DNA与供者血细胞DNA完全一致。发生急性移植物抗宿主病4例,慢性移植物抗宿主病14例,出血性膀胱炎3例,肝静脉闭塞病4例。②移植后发生慢性移植物抗宿主病患者人类白细胞抗原B27表达水平明显低于无移植物抗宿主病患者[移植后180d:(30.13±10.24)%,(39.61±10.89)%;移植后峰值:(33.53±10.36)%,(45.76±12.09)%,P<0.05]。③移植前未缓解白血病患者人类白细胞抗原B27表达水平则明显高于移植前达到完全缓解患者[(27.39±10.31)%,(16.62±8.58)%,P=0.005],移植后疾病复发患者复发时人类白细胞抗原B27表达水平明显高于其移植后完全缓解时[(27.76±10.09)%,(15.69±6.98)%,P=0.015]。移植前未缓解和移植后复发患者人类白细胞抗原B27表达水平与肿瘤细胞占骨髓非红系细胞的百分比呈正相关关系(r=0.756,P=0.000)。结论:移植前未缓解和移植后复发白血病患者人类白细胞抗原B27表达与肿瘤细胞占骨髓非红系细胞的百分比呈正相关,人类白细胞抗原B27表达水平随着肿瘤细胞百分比的增高而升高。     

Barriers to accessing eye care services among visually impaired populations in rural Andhra Pradesh, South India

PURPOSE: To understand the reasons why people in rural south India with visual impairment arising from various ocular diseases do not seek eye care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 5,573 persons above the age of 15 were interviewed and examined in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh covering the districts of Adilabad, West Godavari and Mahaboobnagar. A pre-tested structured questionnaire on barriers to eye care was administered by trained field investigators. RESULTS: Of the eligible subjects, 1234 (22.1%, N=5573)) presented with distant visual acuity < 20/60 or equivalent visual field loss in the better eye. Of these, 898 (72.7%, N=1234) subjects had not sought treatment despite noticing a decrease in vision citing personal, economic and social reasons. The analysis also showed that the odds of seeking treatment was significantly higher for literates [odds ratio (OR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38 to 2.65], for those who would be defined as blind by visual acuity category (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.90) and for those with cataract and other causes of visual impairment (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.03). Barriers to seeking treatment among those who had not sought treatment despite noticing a decrease in vision over the past five years were personal in 52% of the respondents, economic in 37% and social in 21%. CONCLUSION: Routine planning for eye care services in rural areas of India must address the barriers to eye care perceived by communities to increase the utilization of services.     

Role of over the scope clips in the management of iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations

Advances in endoscopic and surgical techniques have increased the frequency and complexity of these procedures and associated complications such as gastrointestinal perforation. With the advancements in the field of gastroenterology, the promising use of an over the scope clips (OTSC) has fulfilled the unmet need for a reliable endoscopic devise in approximation of gastrointestinal perforation. This novel approach has raised the level of confidence in endoscopist in dealing with this serious complication during endoscopy. Here we have shared our experience with OTSC to evaluate its efficacy and safety in managing iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations during endoscopy.