Upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunction in bulimia

Bulimia nervosa is a health problem of increasing magnitude that is estimated to affect 2–5% of the American adolescent and young adult female population. Because of the magnitude of this clinical problem and because of the importance of the upper gastrointestinal tract in its expression, a intradepartmental program of health care for patients affected with the disease was initiated. Eleven consecutive symptomatic bulimic individuals have been evaluated jointly by the gastroenterology and the psychiatry departments of the University of Pittsburgh. Five of these 11 individuals were found to have clinically important upper gastrointestinal pathology including ulcerative esophagitis, erosive gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and delayed gastric emptying. These gastrointestinal conditions could have been either a result of or have contributed to the symptomatology of these five patients. These data suggest that bulimic subjects have clinically important gastroenterological disease processes that require specific diagnosis and treatment independent of the psychiatric treatment provided for the bulimic condition.This work was supported in part by grants from NIDDK AM 32556.     

Role of Alcohol-induced Hypothermia in Mediating the Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol in C57BL/6 J Mice

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of alcohol-induced maternal hypothermia in the teratogenic actions of alcohol. C57BL/6J mice were administered an acute dose of alcohol (5.8 g/kg orally) or isocaloric sucrose on day 10 of gestation. One half of each group was placed for 6 hr in an incubator set at 32 degrees C and the other half was housed in the incubator at room temperature (22 degrees C). As expected, acute prenatal alcohol exposure at this time of gestation was associated with decreased birth weight and an increase in limb and kidney malformations. The significant alcohol x environmental temperature interaction on these dependent variables indicated that the teratogenic insult was not attenuated, but was in fact even greater for the 32 degrees C/alcohol group. An absence of a main effect of environmental temperature indicated that the 32 degrees C environment, per se, was not teratogenic. Thus, maternal hypothermia is probably not an etiological factor in animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome. Moreover, antagonism of alcohol-induced maternal hypothermia exacerbates the teratogenic actions of alcohol observed at room temperature.     

Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on nitroglycerin-induced augmentation of regional coronary blood flow in patients

Although beta-adrenergic blockade may increase coronary vascular resistance in some patients with severe ischemic heart disease, the effects of beta blockade on the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced augmentation of coronary blood flow have not been elucidated. Therefore, systemic hemodynamic and anterior left ventricular regional coronary blood-flow (thermodilution) data were measured during administration of NTG into the left coronary artery, before and 10 min after intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) in 22 patients. Six patients (Group 1) had normal left coronary arteries and nine (Group 2) had severe coronary artery disease with at least greater than 70% narrowing of the left anterior descending artery. In seven additional patients (three without and four with greater than 70% left anterior descending coronary artery disease), measurements were obtained with constant-paced heart rates (Group 3). Before beta blockade, NTG (200 mcg) significantly increased anterior regional great-vein flow [for Group 1, 84 +/- 38% (81 +/- 20 to 140 +/- 60 ml/min); Group 2, 39 +/- 41% (61 +/- 26 to 83 +/- 38 ml/min); and Group 3, 87 +/- 55% (75 +/- 36 to 144 +/- 86 ml/min)]. In Groups 1 and 2, beta-adrenergic blockade reduced heart rate 10% (p less than 0.01) but did not affect mean arterial or pulmonary artery pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Evidence of Increased Class I MHC Expression on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes during Acute Ethanol Intoxication

Certain ethanol-related diseases in humans have been linked to disorders of immunity. Although humoral and cellular immunity have been studied, the precise mechanisms whereby ethanol use leads to tissue damage remain unknown. In order to explore the hypothesis that ethanol may lead to alteration in expression of tissue Class I major histocompatibility antigen causing an autoimmune phenomenon, a population of acutely ethanol-intoxicated patients was studied. Measurement of Class I major histocompatibility antigen on peripheral blood lymphocytes in this population showed a highly significant (p less than 0.01) increase over controls. The role that this increased antigenicity may play in the evolution of clinical disease is discussed.     

Transferrin Phenotype and Level of Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin in Healthy Individuals

Elevated concentrations of carbohydrate-deficient components of transferrin (CDT) in serum may be used as a sensitive and specific marker of regular, high alcohol consumption. When determined by a new, simplified assay, CDT values are nearly normally distributed in low- or non-alcohol-consuming control populations. The importance of transferrin phenotype for this normal variation was analyzed in 100 healthy, European men and women with no or negligible alcohol intake. No significant relation was found between phenotype and CDT value in this population. The three rare B-variants found had low CDT levels, and one subject, examined outside the study, with a rare D-variant indicated that D-variants may result in false-positive CDT values. Moreover, women tended to have somewhat higher values than men, in whom CDT levels were weakly correlated with age. Other as yet undefined biological factors are clearly responsible for the major part of the normal variation of CDT values in nonalcoholic individuals.     

Active oxygen species generated by monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells in Crohn's disease

Chemiluminescence (CL) analysis of monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) was performed on 13 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 10 healthy volunteers. The percentages of monocyte populations in mononuclear cells obtained from the patients with CD were greater than those from the healthy volunteers, but the numbers of PMNs were not different between the two groups. The peak level of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced CL activity generated by diluted whole blood from the patients with CD was more significantly elevated than that from the healthy volunteers, whereas the peak levels of opsonized zymosan-induced CL activity did not differ between the two groups. In monocytes, the peak levels of both PMA- and opsonized zymosan-induced CL activity were significantly higher in the patients with CD than in the healthy volunteers. CL in PMNs, however, showed no significant difference between CD and controls. It is suggested that monocytes of CD have a large capacity to generate active oxygen species. The present study suggests that excessive active oxygen species released by monocytes and perhaps macrophages may play an important role in formation of the intestinal lesions in CD.This work was supported by the Grant of Tokuteishitsukan from the Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Health.     

Maternal-Fetal Immune Relationship: Another Point of View

Placental transfer of maternal IgG is known to be an active process resulting in a concentration on the fetal side of the circulation--at the apparent expense of that in the mother--at full term. However, when this apparent decrease in maternal IgG is related to the actual hemodilution occurring in parallel, the total inventory of the mother's IgG appears to be constant throughout pregnancy. Therefore, conclusions regarding the variations in IgG concentrations cannot be drawn without simultaneous information about plasma volume fluctuations.     

Reactions to Alcohol in Sons of Alcoholics and Controls

This paper synthesizes some major findings coming from our laboratory over the last decade. The data focuses on our search for mechanisms that might contribute to the elevated risk for alcoholism in sons of alcoholic fathers. Consistent results corroborated by several additional groups indicate that the higher risk sons of alcoholics demonstrate less intense reactions to ethanol as measured by their subjective self-reports, measures of body sway, changes in several hormones after drinking, and the intensity or persistence of ethanol-related changes on two electrophysiological measures. The potential implications of these results as they might relate to an enhanced vulnerability to alcoholism, and some possible future research directions, are discussed.