The US economic and social costs of Alzheimer's disease revisited.

OBJECTIVEs. An earlier paper estimated the per-case and national incidence costs of Alzheimer's disease for 1983. This paper updates the estimates of costs per case to 1991 and presents new national prevalence estimates of the economic and social costs of the disease. METHODS. All data for the cost estimates were taken from published sources or provided by other researchers. RESULTS. At midrange values of the estimated cost and epidemiological parameters, the discounted (at 4%) direct and total costs of Alzheimer's disease were $47,581 and $173,932 per case, respectively. The estimated 1991 national direct and total prevalence costs were $20.6 billion and $67.3 billion, respectively. Assuming conservatively that the prevalence of the disease remains constant, the estimated discounted present values of the direct and total costs of all current and future generations of Alzheimer's patients are $536 billion and $1.75 trillion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The $536 billion and $1.75 trillion figures are minimum estimates of the long-term dollar losses to the US economy in 1991 caused by Alzheimer's disease.     

In vivo effects of anti-idiotype on Plasmodium chabaudi infection in mice.

A polyclonal anti-idiotype was raised in rabbits following immunization with a murine monoclonal antibody which recognized a 250,000 MW antigen of Plasmodium chabaudi-infected erythrocytes. The monoclonal antibody, NIMP M23 (clone 3,) has been shown to protect mice against homologous parasite challenge. Following purification, the anti-idiotype was shown to bind only the immunizing idiotype and to recognize antigen-binding site-associated anti-idiotype. Mice primed with anti-idiotype and challenged with live parasites had an altered course of infection, with significant reduction in their peak parasitaemia levels. Anti-idiotype priming did not induce an antigen-reactive antibody response in vivo but a population of T cells capable of proliferating in vitro to P. chaubaudi-infected red cells was stimulated. These data are discussed in the context of possible idiotypic interaction in murine malaria.