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31.
B lymphocytes secreting IgG linked to latent transforming growth factor- beta prevent primary cytolytic T lymphocyte responses 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
B lymphocytes secreting IgG linked to latent transforming growth factor
(TGF)-beta (IgG-TGF-beta) prevent cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to
unrelated antigens in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) so long as resting
resident macrophages and functional Fc receptors are present. This was
shown using IgG-secreting plaque-forming cells (PFC) to sheep erythrocytes
(SRBC) obtained from popliteal lymph nodes of mice injected repeatedly in
foot pads with SRBC. Remarkably, as few as approximately 300 PFC prevented
CTL responses of 5 x 10(5) normal syngeneic spleen cells in MLC.
Supranatants of short-term cultures of PFC also prevented CTL responses,
and suppression was prevented by eliminating or dissociating IgG and
TGF-beta present in supranatants or by antibody against active TGF-beta.
Furthermore, the latency- associated peptide of latent TGF-beta was
detected in approximately 10% of foci of IgG captured from single PFC,
indicating that at least some B lymphocytes secrete IgG-TGF-beta as a
complex. Resting resident macrophages (which do not produce latent
TGF-beta) and functional Fc receptors were required for suppression,
consistent with idea that IgG- TGF-beta is taken up through Fc receptors
for IgG and that active TGF- beta, cleaved from latent TGF-beta of the
complex, is delivered directly to potentially responding CTL. If CTL
responses in man are similarly regulated by B lymphocytes, then an ongoing
B cell response in patients with chronic viral infections or bearing
immunogenic cancers may prevent effective therapeutic vaccination.
相似文献
32.
33.
A clinical study of flurazepam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eleven patients suffering from chronic insomnia were given 30 mg flurazepam for 28 nights. While EEG measures of total sleep time and sleep efficiency were improved, changes in sleep latency and intermittent waking time were small and nonsignificant. Subjective benefits in sleep were confined to the first 2 nights. There was neither increased nor decreased daytime sleepiness. Cognitive functioning was significantly decreased during the first 2 days, and patients were unaware of these changes. Simple motor tasks were relatively unaffected. Desalkylflurazepam concentrations showed significant accumulation over time, but were not predictive of sleep measures or daytime performance in individual subjects. The withdrawal period was characterized by subjectively disturbed sleep and daytime dysphoria. 相似文献
34.
There is large variation in the survival of inbred mouse strains infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense (EATRO 1886). Of those strains that survived for at least 22 days postinfection, female mice were markedly more resistant than male mice. The longer a strain survived, the greater was the difference in survival between male and female mice. Parasite counts were higher in male mice than in females, suggesting that the decreased resistance of males was due to their relative inability to control parasite growth. To determine the possible role of an X-linked resistance gene, resistant (C57BL/6) and susceptible (BALB/c) mice were mated, and their F1 progeny were infected with T. rhodesiense. There was no difference in the resistance between reciprocal F1 male mice (C57BL/6 X BALB/c versus BALB/c X C57BL/6), indicating that an X-linked gene does not account for the difference in resistance between susceptible and resistant mice. 相似文献
35.
Follicular density in ovarian biopsy of infertile women: a novel method to assess ovarian reserve 总被引:4,自引:15,他引:4
Lass A; Silye R; Abrams DC; Krausz T; Hovatta O; Margara R; Winston RM 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1997,12(5):1028-1031
The ageing ovary appears to be characterized by depletion of primordial
follicles. The relationship between infertility and the number of follicles
in the ovarian cortex is not known. Moreover, there are no accurate markers
or clinical methods to predict the decline in ovarian reserve. This study
investigates the correlation between early follicular follicle stimulating
hormone, ovarian size and follicular density in 60 infertile women aged
19-45 years (mean = 34.4 +/- 5.5). An ovarian biopsy was taken from each
patient while performing diagnostic laparoscopy (n = 28) or laparotomy for
tubal surgery or myomectomy (n = 32). The median number of follicles was
similar in tubal and unexplained infertility patients (9.5 versus 5.5).
Increasing age showed a significant negative correlation with follicular
density and ovarian volume (r = -0.46, P = 0.0003;. r = -0.43, P = 0.0016,
respectively). In women > or = 35 years of age the ovarian volume showed
a strong correlation with follicular density (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001). Our
results indicate that infertile women in their late thirties and over have
a decreased ovarian reserve which could possibly be predicted by ovarian
volume measurement. Ovarian biopsy may have a place as part of infertility
evaluation in older women.
相似文献
36.
The presence of checkpoint mechanisms which are able to recognize damaged
chromatin and thereafter to prevent exit from metaphase I has been
investigated in giant mouse oocytes produced by fusion of a normal
metaphase I oocyte with an equivalent oocyte with damaged chromatin. The
presence of damaged chromatin did not prevent the onset of anaphase I in
both sets of chromatin in the fused cells. Interestingly, fused or unfused
cells containing only damaged chromatin failed to enter anaphase and
persisted instead in a metaphase-like state. These results demonstrate the
fragility of checkpoint controls in mammalian female germ cells.
相似文献
37.
Respiratory and other regular motions during two-dimensional Fourier transform magnetic resonance imaging produce image artifacts consisting of local blurring and more or less regularly spaced "ghost" images propagating along the direction of the phase-encoding magnetic field gradient. The patterns of these ghost artifacts can be understood in terms of the technique of image production and basic properties of the discrete Fourier transform. This understanding permits, without respiratory gating, production of images of improved quality in body regions in which there is significant respiratory motion. In particular, the ghosts can be maximally separated from the primary image by choosing intervals between phase-encoding gradient pulse increments that are equal to one-half the respiratory period; they can be minimally separated by choosing an interval equal to the respiratory period. Increasing the number of signal averages between each phase-encoding increment decreases the intensity of the ghosts. 相似文献
38.
Dominika Seidman Marielle Cavrois Joan F. Hilton Nadia R. Roan Sarah Averbach Margaret Takeda Eric Chang Nandhini Raman Ruth Greenblatt Barbara L. Shacklett Karen Smith-McCune 《Contraception》2021,103(1):44-47
IntroductionEx vivo fusion assays offer an efficient method for studying HIV-1 entry associated with contraceptive use and pregnancy outside of cohort studies of HIV-1 incidence.MethodsWe measured ex vivo HIV-1 fusion to cervical or endometrial immune cells from three groups of women: pregnant, non-pregnant not using hormonal or intrauterine contraception, and using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).Results and conclusionsThere was no excess susceptibility to HIV-1 fusion of cells from pregnant women or DMPA users compared to controls. Although the number of target cells in endometrium was higher in DMPA users compared to controls, HIV-1 fusion was lower.ImplicationsIn ex vivo assays, HIV-1 showed no enhanced fusion to cervical immune cells from pregnant women or DMPA users compared to controls, and lower fusion to endometrial immune cells from DMPA users. This assay is useful for studying hormonal and contraceptive effects on HIV-1 entry into reproductive tract immune cells. 相似文献
39.
C H Shiboski H Palacio J M Neuhaus R M Greenblatt 《American journal of public health》1999,89(6):834-839
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify predictors of dental care use in HIV-infected women. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey of HIV-infected women enrolled in the northern California site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study, dental care use and unmet need were assessed in relation to selected variables. RESULTS: Among 213 respondents, who were predominantly Black and younger than 45 years, 43% had not seen a dentist and 53% (among dentate women) reported no dental cleaning in more than a year (although 67% had dental insurance coverage, mainly state Medicaid). Nine percent were edentulous. Among nonusers of dental care, 78% reported that they wanted care but failed to get it. Barriers included fear of and discomfort with dentists, not getting around to making an appointment, and not knowing which dentist to visit. Multivariate analysis showed that lack of past-year dental care was associated mainly with unemployment, a perception of poor oral health, and edentulism. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive women appear to be underusing dental care services. Fear and lack of information regarding available resources, in addition to unemployment and perception of poor oral health, may be important barriers. 相似文献
40.
M H Court B L Hay-Kraus D W Hill A J Kind D J Greenblatt 《Drug metabolism and disposition》1999,27(11):1293-1299
Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that clearance of propofol, an anesthetic agent, is slower in greyhounds compared with other dog breeds. Biotransformation of propofol to 2,6-diisopropyl-1,4-quinol (4-hydroxypropofol) by cytochrome P-450 in the liver is proposed as a critical initial step in the elimination of this drug in dogs. Breed differences in the activity of this enzyme could therefore explain pharmacokinetic differences. An in vitro propofol hydroxylase assay was developed and then used to compare enzyme activities in liver microsomes from male greyhound, beagle, and mixed-breed dogs (five each). HPLC of incubate identified only one NADPH-dependent metabolite, which had a chromatographic retention time and UV absorbance, fluorescence, and mass spectra that were identical with authentic 4-hydroxypropofol standard. HPLC with fluorescence detection provided a highly sensitive quantitation method for 4-hydroxypropofol with a quantitation limit of 8 ng/ml using optimized excitation/emission wavelengths (288 nm/330 nm, respectively). Estimates of apparent K(m) and V(max) for propofol hydroxylation by microsomes from a male beagle dog were 7.3 microM and 3.8 nmol/mg/min, respectively. At a substrate concentration of 20 microM, propofol hydroxylase activity was significantly lower (p =.032) in greyhound microsomes (1.7 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg/min) compared with beagle microsomes (5.1 +/- 1.3 nmol/mg/min) but was not statistically different (p =.42) compared with mixed-breed microsomes (3.1 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg/min). These results indicate that there are breed differences in propofol hydroxylase activity and that deficient hydroxylation of propofol by one or more hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoforms may contribute to slow pharmacokinetic clearance of propofol by greyhounds. 相似文献