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991.
992.
Opinion statement
相似文献
– | Fulminant ulcerative colitis necessitates immediate hospitalization. |
– | Supportive therapy such as aggressive rehydration, restriction of oral intake, and consideration of parenteral nutrition should be initiated. |
– | High-dose intravenous steroids should be started in almost all cases. |
– | Antibiotics and cyclosporine should be considered, especially in disease refractory to steroid therapy. |
– | Indications for surgery should always be kept in mind, and early involvement of the surgical team is always encouraged. |
– | Avoidance of life-threatening complications such as toxic megacolon, hemorrhage, and perforation is the goal of any treatment for fulminant ulcerative colitis. |
993.
994.
995.
Opinion statement
相似文献
– | When possible, patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications should discontinue them when the diagnosis of microscopic colitis is made. Although there is no direct evidence of its efficacy, a trial of elimination of caffeine or lactose or both should be undertaken. |
– | Nonspecific antidiarrheal agents (eg, loperamide, diphenoxylate) may be administered, but appear to be largely ineffective in this population. |
– | An aminosalicylate should be initiated at full therapeutic dose (2 to 4 g daily) as the first-line therapy. Because sulfasalazine appears to be associated with a high incidence of adverse effects in patients with microscopic colitis, other derivatives of 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) are preferred. |
– | Bile salt-binding agents such as cholestyramine or colestipol appear to be effective alternatives for patients who are either unresponsive to or intolerant of aminosalicylates. |
– | Systemic corticosteroids are an effective treatment for microscopic colitis, but may offer only transient improvement in symptoms. Given their potential adverse effects, corticosteroids should be reserved for patients with refractory disease in whom aminosalicylates and bile salt-binding agents have failed. |
– | Other agents that may be effective include antibiotics, bismuth subsalicylate, budesonide, pentoxifylline, octreotide, and methotrexate. Although these agents can be considered in unusual cases, the cumulative clinical experience with them in this setting is relatively limited. |
– | Surgical intervention, with either fecal stream diversion or subtotal colectomy, shows promise as an intervention of last resort. |
– | In refractory cases of microscopic colitis, strong consideration should be given to excluding a concomitant diagnosis of celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth, or chronic infection. |
996.
- Percutaneous PV implantation can be achieved in very small children (<20 kg)
- The clinic impact appears beneficial in the early term
- Studies to determine whether this treatment pathway will preserve RV function and translate to better survival needs investigation
997.
Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies consists of ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter’s disease,
enteropathic spondylitis, and a fifth entity known as undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. All of these diseases share common
clinical and radiographic features with characteristic involvement of the sacroiliac joints, spine, and to various degrees,
the peripheral joints. Although plain radiographs are the first line of imaging investigation, they are often insensitive
for demonstrating the early changes of sacroiliitis, an important feature for establishing the early diagnosis of seronegative
spondyloarthropathy. Other imaging modalities, including conventional tomography, bone scintigraphy, and computed tomography,
have improved visualization of inflammatory changes at the sacroiliac joints. This article will review these modalities and
emphasize the role of magnetic resonance imaging. By directly imaging changes in the synovium, articular cartilage, and subchondral
bone, findings on magnetic resonance imaging are the most sensitive and specific for sacroiliitis and other changes in the
axial skeleton. Its role and that of ultrasound in the assessment of the peripheral joints will also be highlighted. 相似文献
998.
Floras JS 《Current heart failure reports》2005,2(4):212-217
Mortality risk in heart failure relates to the degree of chronic sympathetic nervous system activation. Do acute increases in central sympathetic outflow, as occur nightly in patients with sleep apnea, augment this risk? This review explores 4 novel concepts: 1) sleep disordered breathing is common in heart failure, 2) the acute effects of sleep apnea and the chronic effects of heart failure on the sympathetic nervous system are additive when these conditions coexist, 3) such convergence has adverse clinical and prognostic implications, and 4) treating sleep apnea can attenuate sympathetic nervous system activation and improve ventricular systolic function. 相似文献
999.
Dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone: A novel pain management strategy for the oncology ward setting during anti‐GD2 immunotherapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma in children
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1000.