全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1472篇 |
免费 | 143篇 |
国内免费 | 7篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 13篇 |
儿科学 | 34篇 |
妇产科学 | 32篇 |
基础医学 | 204篇 |
口腔科学 | 17篇 |
临床医学 | 82篇 |
内科学 | 286篇 |
皮肤病学 | 186篇 |
神经病学 | 137篇 |
特种医学 | 60篇 |
外科学 | 84篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
一般理论 | 5篇 |
预防医学 | 51篇 |
眼科学 | 108篇 |
药学 | 106篇 |
中国医学 | 4篇 |
肿瘤学 | 209篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 21篇 |
2021年 | 31篇 |
2020年 | 21篇 |
2019年 | 31篇 |
2018年 | 65篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 49篇 |
2015年 | 42篇 |
2014年 | 53篇 |
2013年 | 75篇 |
2012年 | 95篇 |
2011年 | 124篇 |
2010年 | 56篇 |
2009年 | 59篇 |
2008年 | 89篇 |
2007年 | 113篇 |
2006年 | 88篇 |
2005年 | 90篇 |
2004年 | 100篇 |
2003年 | 83篇 |
2002年 | 77篇 |
2001年 | 14篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 12篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1932年 | 1篇 |
1931年 | 1篇 |
1930年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1622条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Toshio Takeuchi Hiroshi Iwasaki Yuko Ohjimi Yasuhiko Kaneko Masako Ishiguro Chikako Fujita Yasusi Mlura Yoshiharu Hiratsuka Kimitaka Sakamoto Masahiro Kikuchi 《Pathology international》1996,46(4):292-297
The cytogenetic and morphologic characteristics of a case with a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) arising from the left kidney in a 22 year old man are presented. The patient was detected as having a left renal mass with a tumor embolus In the inferior vena cava and multiple pulmonary metastases. A radical nephrectomy with tumor embolectomy of the Inferior vena cava, along with a resection of the pulmonary nodules were performed. Histologic examination revealed a dense proliferation of small round cells with many Homer-Wright type rosettes and perlvascular pseudo-rosettes. Immunohlstochemically, the tumor cells stained strongly positive for HBA71(p30/32M IC2 ), a surface glycopro-teln specific to PNET and Ewlng's sarcoma. In addition, the tumor cells expressed several neural markers (neuron specific enolase, neurofilament, synaptophysin, and Leu-7) and vimentin, while the epithelial, muscular, and lymphocytlc markers were negative in the tumor cells. Cytogenetic analysis of cultured tumor cells showed a reciprocal translocation t(11; 22)(q24; q12) that is considered to be specific to PNET and Ewing's sarcoma. In conclusion, this case suggested that a karyotyping analysis is a useful diagnostic tool for renal PNET, and it may therefore be utilized to help distinguish between difficult cases of small round cell tumors and Wilms' tumor of the kidney. 相似文献
12.
Shimizu C Hasegawa T Tani Y Takahashi F Takeuchi M Watanabe T Ando M Katsumata N Fujiwara Y 《Human pathology》2004,35(12):201-1542
Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been implicated in regulation in tumor growth. The results of previous studies performed by radioimmunoassay are conflicting, and the prognostic significance of IGF-1R expression in primary breast cancer is still controversial. IGF-1R expression was evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of 210 primary breast cancer patients by using anti-IGF-1R antibody. The clinicopathologic variables and 5-year disease-free survival were studied, and their correlations between IGF-1R expressions were investigated. IGF-1R overexpression was observed in 43.8% of tumors. IGF-1R overexpression had no correlation with prognosis or with other clinicopathologic parameters, such as age, tumor size, nodal status, histologic grade, hormone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor 2 status. Though its prognostic value in breast cancer is limited, immunohistochemical evaluation of IGF-1R by using this monoclonal antibody may be useful in translational research using archived material. 相似文献
13.
Nakajima-Takenaka C Sakata S Kato S Ohga Y Murata KY Taniguchi S Takaki M 《Experimental physiology》2005,90(4):635-644
We have previously reported that continuous infusion of dobutamine into the coronary artery induces positive inotropic effects but induces no detrimental effects in cross-circulated, excised normal rat hearts and even in Ca2+ overload-induced contractile failing rat hearts. However, we hypothesized that some detrimental effects on left ventricular (LV) function are induced after continuous dobutamine infusion and the following clearance of blood dobutamine, as is the case after beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation. To test this hypothesis, we investigated LV mechanical work and energetics in the same type of preparations that underwent continuous dobutamine infusion and clearance of blood dobutamine. We found that both mean end-systolic pressure and systolic pressure-volume area (PVA; a measure of total mechanical energy per beat) at midrange LV volume were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased. The mean myocardial oxygen consumption per beat intercept, which is composed of for the total Ca2+ handling in excitation-contraction coupling and basal metabolism, of the and PVA linear relation was also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased (n=8). The mean slope of the linear relation was unchanged in such hearts. Post-dobutamine basal metabolism was unchanged (n = 5 of the 8 hearts). The moderate proteolysis of a cytoskeleton protein, alpha-fodrin was identified (n = 7 of the 8 hearts with the decreased intercept), after clearance of blood dobutamine. In agreement with our hypothesis, the detrimental effect of the post-beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation was induced by a moderate concentration of dobutamine; we found systolic dysfunction due to the impairment of Ca2+ handling in excitation-contraction coupling in the rat LV and proteolysis of a cytoskeleton protein, alpha-fodrin. 相似文献
14.
Role of ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase-L1 in neural cell apoptosis induced by ischemic retinal injury in vivo 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《The American journal of pathology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Harada T Harada C Wang YL Osaka H Amanai K Tanaka K Takizawa S Setsuie R Sakurai M Sato Y Noda M Wada K 《The American journal of pathology》2004,164(1):59-64
Ubiquitin is thought to be a stress protein that plays an important role in protecting cells under stress conditions; however, its precise role is unclear. Ubiquitin expression level is controlled by the balance of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes. To investigate the function of deubiquitinating enzymes on ischemia-induced neural cell apoptosis in vivo, we analyzed gracile axonal dystrophy (gad) mice with an exon deletion for ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), a neuron-specific deubiquitinating enzyme. In wild-type mouse retina, light stimuli and ischemic retinal injury induced strong ubiquitin expression in the inner retina, and its expression pattern was similar to that of UCH-L1. On the other hand, gad mice showed reduced ubiquitin induction after light stimuli and ischemia, whereas expression levels of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and XIAP) and prosurvival (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) proteins that are normally degraded by an ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were significantly higher. Consistently, ischemia-induced caspase activity and neural cell apoptosis were suppressed approximately 70% in gad mice. These results demonstrate that UCH-L1 is involved in ubiquitin expression after stress stimuli, but excessive ubiquitin induction following ischemic injury may rather lead to neural cell apoptosis in vivo. 相似文献
15.
The critical role of ocular-infiltrating macrophages in the development of choroidal neovascularization 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Tsutsumi C Sonoda KH Egashira K Qiao H Hisatomi T Nakao S Ishibashi M Charo IF Sakamoto T Murata T Ishibashi T 《Journal of leukocyte biology》2003,74(1):25-32
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is directly related to visual loss in some eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration. Although several human histological studies have suggested the participation of macrophages in CNV formation, the precise mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we elucidated the role of ocular-infiltrating macrophages in experimental CNV using CCR2 knockout (KO) mice, wild-type mice, and C57BL/6 (B6) mice. CCR2 is the receptor of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the number of infiltrating macrophage and the area of CNV were significantly reduced in CCR2 KO mice. Enriched ocular-infiltrating macrophages from B6 mice actually showed angiogenic ability in a dorsal air sac assay. Moreover, their expression of class II, CD40, B7-1 and B7-2 molecules, and the mRNA for potential angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, was also observed. Collectively, we conclude that ocular-infiltrating macrophages play an important role in CNV generation. 相似文献
16.
17.
Chikako?IkebeEmail author Masaki?Kuro-o Hiromi?Ohtani Yoshie?Kawase Tomomi?Matsui Sei-ichi?Kohno 《Chromosome research》2005,13(2):157-167
Using Giemsa staining, C-banding and Ag-NOR staining techniques, we analyzed chromosomes in adult male and female Hynobius quelpaertensis and in embryos of this species in egg sacs collected from eight localities of Cheju Island, South Korea. Chromosome pair
21 was consistently homomorphic in male specimens, while it was heteromorphic in female specimens, suggesting the occurrence
of ZZ/ZW sex chromosome constitution in this species. The W chromosome, being much larger than the Z chromosome, was of three
morphologically distinct types: WA, WB and WC. Lampbrush chromosomes examined in the oocytes of one female specimen having the WA chromosome showed that the short arm of the WA chromosome and the long arm of the Z chromosome paired closely and hence are genetically homologous. We also tried to analyze
the structural relationship among the three types of W chromosomes based on their C-banding and Ag-NOR patterns. 相似文献
18.
Shigekazu Uga Hideo Nishigori Satoshi Ishikawa 《Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie》1994,232(7):415-420
Nishigori et al. reported a transient cataract model after administering glucocorticoid to a 15-day-old chick. Biochemically, the mechanism of onset of this cataract was thought to be related to damage caused by the formation of oxidative stresses and by a protein-water phase separation. There appear to be no reports on changes in the fine structure. After hydroocortisone succinate sodium was administered to 15-day-old chick embryos, the lenses were removed at 12, 24, 30, 48, 72 and 96 h and put in 4% gluraldehyde. The specimens were examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Twelve to 24 h after administration to chick embryos, lens fibers containing electron-dense cytoplasm began to appear in the bow area of the equator and were still present thereafter. Thirty to 48 h after administration, numerous vacuoles of varying sizes began to appear in the lens in sites corresponding to the opaque region. These vacuoles, ranging from 2 to 8 m in diameter, were distributed in the intercellular spaces between the lens fibers. The vacuoles had disappeared by 96 h after administration, but during that period, the height of the epithelial cells in the equatorial region and the elongation of the equatorial lens fibers had become irregular. Transient opacity was due to the presence of vacuoles of various sizes, occurring in the intercellular space between the lens fibers around the lens nucleus. Moreover, the effect of glucocorticoid administration was noted in the lens epithelium and the lens fibers in the equatorial region. 相似文献
19.
Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor during wound repair in rat retina after laser photocoagulation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Chikako Yamamoto Nahoko Ogata Xianjin Yi Kanji Takahashi Miki Miyashiro Haruhiko Yamada Masanobu Uyama Kouichi Matsuzaki 《Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie》1996,234(11):695-702
Background: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates the mitogenesis of various cells and plays a key role in wound repair. We studied the immunohistochemical localization of bFGF during wound repair in the rat retina after laser photocoagulation. Methods: Krypton laser photocoagulation was performed on the eyes of pigmented rats. The eyes were enucleated on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 after the photocoagulation, and the immunohistochemical localization of bFGF was assessed. Two different monoclonal antibodies and one polyclonal antibody against bFGF as first antibodies were used. Results: Marked immunoreactivity for bFGF was found in the ganglion cell layer, and weak immunoreactivity for bFGF was found in the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the normal adult rat retina. On day 3 after laser photocoagulation, the nuclei and cytoplasm of proliferating RPE cells at the center of the photocoagulated lesion showed intense bFGF immunoreactivity. The nuclei of RPE cells around the lesion showed intense bFGF immunoreactivity. Macrophages that migrated into the lesion showed positive staining for bFGF. These immunoreactivity decreased with time. Controls (0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, normal serum, or these same antibodies preabsorbed with bFGF) did not show positive staining. Conclusion: The finding of an elevated expression of bFGF immunoreactivity in the photocoagulated lesion suggests that bFGF may play a role in wound repair in the rat retina after laser photocoagulation. 相似文献
20.
A 3‐year‐old Japanese boy presented with a 3‐month history of itchy erythematous papules on his trunk and forearms, the histologic findings of which were characterized by predominantly neutrophilic inflammation within and around the eccrine sweat ducts and obliteration and disruption of the superficial eccrine sweat ducts. Although the skin disorder had some clinical and histopathologic similarity to miliaria and neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis, it was ultimately conformed to be neither disorder. Based on this and a case report in the Japanese literature of a 1‐year‐old boy with erythematous eruptions whose clinical and histopathologic findings were similar to those in our case, we propose the skin disorder in our case, referred to as “neutrophilic superficial eccrine ductitis,” as a unique entity. 相似文献