Overweight and Obesity Among Hawai‘i Children Aged 4 to 5 Years Enrolled in Public Schools in 2007–2008 and Comparison with a Similar 2002–2003 Cohort

This assessment provides the most recent estimates of overweight and obesity among children 4 to 5 years old who were enrolled in public schools in the 2007–2008 school year, using data obtained from Student Health Records for 12,823 children, which represents 91% of the 14,070 children who were enrolled in kindergarten in 2007–2008. This assessment is a census of 4 to 5 year olds that entered public schools in Hawai‘i in 2007–2008 and represents approximately 38% of the total Hawai‘i population for those aged 4 to 5 years, since kindergarten is not a requirement. A limited data set with data on age, sex, height, and weight was used to calculate BMI (body mass index) percentiles. We compare this data with age and sex-specific BMI obtained from Student Health Records from 10,199 children aged 4 to 5 years entering public schools during 2002–2003. The results illustrate that like the 2002–2003 data (28.5%), over one in four (28.6%) of the children aged 4 to 5 years entering Hawai‘i public schools in 2007–2008 were either overweight or obese. Total proportions overweight and obese were persistently higher (32.5% or more in both 2002–2003 and 2007–2008) in some specific school complexes on O‘ahu as well as in some rural and Neighbor Island school complexes. Physicians, public health and school health professionals, advocates, schools, and communities should be vigilant about this persistent problem and seek to implement practices to combat overweight and obesity. In addition, the use of Student Health Records for on-going pediatric obesity surveillance should be explored more fully.     

新兴技术在继续医学教育领域的应用

随着科学技术的发展,越来越多的医疗保健人员倾向于使用新兴技术来获取医学信息.相应地,继续医学教育提供者也开始在教育活动中逐渐使用新兴技术,比如在线继续医学教育课程,通过短信形式传播最新的医学信息,借助社交网络等新媒体开展教育活动等.以社交网络为例,主要能在以下三个方面对继续医学教育起到积极的推动作用.     

A retinoic acid receptor β agonist (CD2019) overcomes inhibition of axonal outgrowth via phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in the injured adult spinal cord

After spinal cord injury in the adult mammal, axons do not normally regrow and this commonly leads to paralysis. Retinoic acid (RA) can stimulate neurite outgrowth in vitro of both the embryonic central and peripheral nervous system, via activation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) β2. We show here that regions of the adult CNS, including the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, express RARβ2. We show that when cerebellar neurons are grown in the presence of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which inhibits neurite outgrowth, RARβ can be activated in a dose dependent manner by a RARβ agonist (CD2019) and neurite outgrowth can occur via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling. In a model of spinal cord injury CD2019 also acts through PI3K signalling to induce axonal outgrowth of descending corticospinal fibres and promote functional recovery. Our data suggest that RARβ agonists may be of therapeutic potential for human spinal cord injuries.     

A Hodgkin cell-specific antigen is expressed on a subset of auto- and alloactivated T (helper) lymphoblasts

A Hodgkin cell-specific antigen detected by the monoclonal antibody Ki- 1 was found on T helper lymphocytes after activation by autologous and allogeneic stimulator cells. About 50% of lymphoblasts generated by auto- and alloactivation reacted with the antibody. In contrast, only less than 6% of lymphoblasts stimulated with Con-A, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or protein A, and none of lymphoblasts activated by oxidative mitogenesis, expressed this antigen. Among several permanent cell lines tested, the K562, MOLT-4, HL-60, and EBV transformed B lymphoblastoid cells reacted with the Ki-1 antibody. The results may indicate possible relationships between the autoreactive subset of T lymphocytes and the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease.     

Altered nucleosome structure containing DNA sequences complementary to 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA in Physarum polycephalum.

The localization of DNA sequences coding for ribosomal RNA was studied by hybridization of purified ribosomal RNA to DNA from chromatin fragments prepared by limited digestion of Physarum nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease. The 32P-labeled 19S and 26S RNA hybridized to DNA from nucleosome monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, separated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, although the level of hybridization to DNA from nucleosome fractions was less than the level of hybridization to undigested nuclear DNA. The distribution of 19S and 26S rDNA sequences in the nucleosome fractions differed from the distribution of bulk DNA in that the rDNA sequences were recovered primarily in two fractions containing monomer-sized DNA lengths (140-160 base pairs). The percentage of DNA hybridizing to 19S plus 26S RNA was greater in peak A, the more slowly sedimenting monomer peak, than in any other chromatin fraction at all stages of digestion. Peak A and monomer particles differed in protein content and distribution. The presence of ribosomal cistrons in an altered nucleosome configuration may be related to changes in functional states of rDNA chromatin.     

Couples’ Diminished Social and Financial Capital Exacerbate the Association Between Maladaptive Attributions and Relationship Satisfaction

Cognitive Therapy and Research - Theoretical and clinical perspectives argue that couples’ maladaptive attributions for marital problems lead to marital distress and that these attributions...