Central nervous system lymphoma: histologic types and CT appearance

The distribution of histologic types of lymphoma according to the proposed working formulation was determined for 55 patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fifty-five percent of these patients had diffuse large-cell histologic features. When the relationship between histologic type and computed tomographic (CT) appearance was analyzed, the following trends were noted: A greater percentage of mixed cell tumors were multiple when compared with other types; noncleaved small-cell tumors were more commonly located in the central gray matter or corpus callosum than were other types; all immunoblastic tumors were enhanced homogeneously, unlike other types; and smaller tumors appeared to be associated with an increased histologic grade. Eleven patients had CT confirmation of a CNS recurrence; in eight patients, the recurrent tumor was in a different location than the original lesion. Eleven patients had associated intraocular lymphoma, and four were immunosuppressed.     

脉压对颈动脉壁重构的影响——探讨Laplace定律对大血管重构的作用

目的血管壁的增厚和功能指数正越来越多的被用作评价心血管疾病的重要指标.然而大血管的结构、功能、压力的相互关系在活体上还没有很好的确定.我们研究组对一组正常和高血压病人进行了大血管的结构-功能-压力的相互关系的交叉研究.方法307例正常和高血压的人群被选择到此研究,其中男110例,女197例.年龄49～75岁.颈动脉内膜和中层厚度(Intima-media wall thickness,IMT)和内腔直径(Lumen diameter,LD)用Diasonic(DRF400)高分辨率超声来确定.血管壁环状压(Circumferential stress,Cs)是依据LAPLACE定律(δ=P×r/h)计算.其中压力(Pressure,P)用平均压和脉压两种方法计算.此动脉的结构和功能指数用年龄、身高和心率来校正.颈动脉压用无创压力感受器测定.结果共有70例高血压(BP＞140/90)患者.用年龄、身高和心率校正后的内中膜厚度和内腔直径在高血压组显著增加.而且IMT随着脉压的增大而增大(r=0.39,P＜0.001).内腔半径与内中膜厚度比值(R/IMT,R=LD/2)和环状压在高血压组明显增加.但是不管高血压或正常人群的R/IMT比值与脉压呈负相关关系(r=0.38,P＜0.001),而与平均压无关.结论在高血压状态下颈动脉壁重构是服从LAPLACE定律的,但颈动脉壁重构不足以抵销高血压状态下的血管壁环状压的增加.LAPLACE定律中关键性的血压指数可能是指脉压而非平均压.     

Heat transfer characteristics of current primary packaging systems for pharmaceutical freeze-drying

In the field of freeze-drying, the primary packaging material plays an essential role. Here, the packaging system not only contains and protects the drug product during storage and shipping, but it is also directly involved in the freeze-drying process itself. The heat transfer characteristics of the actual container system influence product temperature and therefore product homogeneity and quality as well as process performance. Consequently, knowledge of the container heat transfer characteristics is of vital importance for process optimization. It is the objective of this review article to provide a summary of research focused on heat transfer characteristics of different container systems for pharmaceutical freeze-drying. Besides the common tubing and molded glass vials and metal trays, more recent packaging solutions like polymer vials, LYOGUARD® trays, syringes, and blister packs are discussed. Recent developments in vial manufacturing are also taken into account.     

Small airway remodeling in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a study in autopsy lung tissue

Introduction  

Airway dysfunction in patients with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is evidenced by expiratory flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation. These functional alterations have been attributed to closure/obstruction of small airways. Airway morphological changes have been reported in experimental models of acute lung injury, characterized by epithelial necrosis and denudation in distal airways. To date, however, no study has focused on the morphological airway changes in lungs from human subjects with ARDS. The aim of this study is to evaluate structural and inflammatory changes in distal airways in ARDS patients.     

Parkinson plus syndrome: diagnosis using high field MR imaging of brain iron

The distribution of iron in the brain was analyzed using high field strength (1.5 T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 14 healthy control individuals and six patients with Parkinson plus syndromes (multisystem atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy) who were unresponsive to antiparkinsonian therapy. The normal topographic distribution of iron in the brain as indicated by high field MR images coincided precisely with the distribution of iron in the brain as determined by Perls staining for ferric iron. In Parkinson plus syndromes, there were abnormally increased concentrations of iron (decreased T2 relaxation times) in the putamen, and less prominent increases in the caudate nucleus and lateral pars compacta of the substantia nigra. In high field strength MR images of normal patients, the decreased signal intensity in the globus pallidus is more prominent than that of the putamen. In MR images of patients with Parkinson plus syndromes, the decreased signal intensity of the putamen is more prominent than that of the globus pallidus.     

Infant ribs: generalized periosteal reaction resulting from vibrator chest physiotherapy

A case is reported of diffuse periosteal new bone formation involving the ribs in an infant who received physiotherapy of the chest performed with a vibrator. The abnormality probably resulted from periosteal trauma caused by prolonged vibrator therapy. Since this form of pulmonary therapy is common in newborn intensive care nurseries, radiologists may encounter this finding occasionally.