The future of intrauterine contraception

In this review paper some guidelines for IUD use are presented that if followed should reduce the incidence of IUD-related complications. Recent IUD developments are discussed including the levonorgestrel-releasing T, a new variation of the Multiload, and IUDs designed for postpartum insertion. Since significant improvements in IUD safety will most likely result from a better understanding of IUD-related side-effects and adverse reactions, the paper includes recommendations for future IUD research that could enhance the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of available IUDs.

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Resumen En esta revisión presentamos una serie de directrices que si se siguiesen reducirían significativamente la incidencia de las complicaciones referidas al uso del DIU. Actualmente se evestionan los recientes descubrimientos en torno al DIU, incluido el Levonorgestrel-T, una nueva variación del Multiload y DIUs indicados para la inserción postparto. Desde que se efectuaron importantes modificaciones en su utilización, hemos observado un incremento de su inocuidad y un descenso de los efectos indeseables, gracias principalmente a una utilización más oportuna. Ademas nos ha permitido comprener mejor los efectos colaterales relacionados con su uso. Incluimos tambien recomendaciones, para futuros trabajos, que pueden cambiar las directrices seguidas hasta ahora, mejorando la seguridad, efectividad y aceptabilidad de los DIUs.

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Résumé Dans cette communication d'ensemble sont présentés des conseils généraux relatifs à l'utilisation des DIU, qui devraient permettre, s'ils sont suivis, de réduire l'incidence des complications que ces dispositifs peuvent entraîner. Y sont examinés de récents progrès réalisés sur les DIU, et notamment sur le modèle T libérant du lévonorgestrel qui est une variante du modèle Multiload et des dispositifs conçus pour leur insertion après l'accouchement. Etant donné que toutes les améliorations importantes qui seront apportées du point de vue de la sécurité des DIU résulteront probablement d'une meilleure compréhension des effets secondaires et des réactions adverses imputables aux DIU, cette communications inclut des recommandations pour les recherches à venir, qui pourraient rehausser la sécurité, l'efficacité et l'acceptabilité des dispositifs actuellement sur le marché.

     

Notifiable malignant lesions in the RSA, 1979-1983--trends and mortality. II. Primary malignant neoplasms of the pleura

From August 1979 to December 1983, 22 cases of and 17 deaths due to primary malignant neoplasms of the pleura were notified to the Department of National Health and Population Development. Correspondingly, 458 deaths due to mesothelioma and malignant neoplasms of the pleura were registered at Central Statistical Services; 4% of these deaths were notified. Most of the deaths due to mesothelioma and malignant neoplasms of the pleura registered were in white males, who showed a mortality rate of 15.8/1,000,000.     

Presence of pancreatic hormones in islet cells with MHC-class II antigen expression

In the normal rat pancreas, only few islet cells express MHC-class II antigens. Their nature and function has not yet been elucidated. We report a method for the purification of Ia-positive islet cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolated mononuclear cells appear of nonendocrine origin but contain vacuoles with partially digested secretory vesicles. Both insulin- and glucagon-immunoreactive granules were identified in these vacuoles of varying size and composition. It is suggested that at least part of the rat islet cells with class II antigen expression can exhibit phagocytotic properties leading to the uptake of fragments from damaged endocrine cells. This functional characteristic may implicate this particular islet cell type in the pathology of the endocrine pancreas in type I diabetes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

The inhibition of glutathione S-transferases: mechanisms, toxic consequences and therapeutic benefits.

Inhibition of the enzymes belonging to the family of glutathione S-transferases is important from several points of view. These involve applications in studies of the catalytic mechanism, e.g. studying the topology and binding characteristics of the active site. Also, from a therapeutic standpoint, inhibition of glutathione S-transferases steadily becomes more interesting, since these enzymes appear to be involved in drug resistance, and in the biosynthesis of a number of important arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Modulation of the glutathione S-transferase activity could be used to regulate the concentrations of these compounds, Thirdly, unwanted inhibition by xenobiotics makes a cell more vulnerable for alkylating agents and can thus have toxic consequences. This review describes the state of the art, dealing with the various types of inhibiton employed (reversible, irreversible or nonsubstrate ligands). Furthermore, isoenzyme selectivity, organ distribution and interindividual differences are discussed.     

Posttraumatic hyperthermia: a possible result of fronto-diencephalic dysfunction.

A patient with traumatic bifrontal hemorrhagic lesions developed hyperthermia associated with autonomic dysfunction shortly after admission. This case illustrates that posttraumatic hyperthermia may also occur at a markedly less disturbed baseline neurological level, possibly secondary to disruption of fronto-diencephalic pathways.     

Residual lesions on computed tomography after intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated the residual abnormalities on computed tomography in a series of patients with proven intracerebral hemorrhage to determine whether the type of lesion is related to the site and size of the initial hematoma. METHODS: In a partially prospective follow-up study, we studied computed tomographic scans of 42 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage after 2-24 (median 9) months. RESULTS: Lobar hemorrhages had occurred in 20 patients; the other 22 hemorrhages were in the basal ganglia or thalamus. No residual lesions were found on seven scans (17%), despite residual handicap in three of these seven patients (slight, moderate, and moderately severe). In five cases, the scan showed only focal atrophy, and in two there were only focal calcifications. There were six patients with slit-like lesions (only after deep hemorrhages), 12 with rounded and isolated hypodense areas, and 10 with rounded hypodense areas connected to the ventricular system. The connection between the residual lesion and the ventricular system depended to a large extent on the size of the initial hematoma, but very little on whether it had initially ruptured into the ventricular system. CONCLUSIONS: A retrospective diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage on radiological grounds can be made with confidence only in a small group of patients with slit-like lesions in the basal ganglia. This diagnosis is impossible in approximately one third of cerebral hemorrhages because the abnormalities are aspecific or have completely disappeared.