Can Whole-body Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Diffusion-weighted Imaging Replace Tc 99m Bone Scanning and Computed Tomography for Single-step Detection of Metastases in Patients with High-risk Prostate Cancer?

Background

Technetium Tc 99m bone scintigraphy (BS) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis and abdomen are universally recommended for detecting prostate cancer (PCa) metastases in cancer of all stages. However, this two-step approach has limited sensitivity and specificity.

Objective

Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of whole-body MRI (WBMRI) as a one-step screening test for PCa metastases.

Design, setting, and participants

One hundred consecutive PCa patients at high risk for metastases prospectively underwent WBMRI, CT, and BS completed with targeted x-rays (BS/TXR) in case of equivocal BS. Four independent reviewers reviewed the images.

Measurements

This study compares the diagnostic performance of WBMRI, CT, BS, and BS/TXR in detecting PCa metastases using area under the curve (AUC) receiver operator characteristics. A best valuable comparator (BVC) approach was used to adjudicate final metastatic status in the absence of pathologic evaluation.

Results and limitations

Based on the BVC, 68 patients had metastases. The sensitivity of BS/TXR and WBMRI for detecting bone metastases was 86% and 98–100%, respectively (p < 0.04), and specificity was 98% and 98–100%, respectively. The first and second WBMRI readers respectively identified bone metastases in 7 and 8 of 55 patients with negative BS/TXR. The sensitivity of CT and WBMRI for detecting enlarged lymph nodes was similar, at 77–82% for both; specificity was 95–96% and 96–98%, respectively. The sensitivity of the combination of BS/TXR plus CT and WBMRI for detecting bone metastases and/or enlarged lymph nodes was 84% and 91–94%, respectively (p = 0.03–0.10); specificities were 94–97% and 91–96%, respectively. The 95% confidence interval of the difference between the AUC of the worst WBMRI reading and the AUC of any of the BS/TXR plus CT lay within the noninferiority margin of ±10% AUC.

Conclusions

WBMRI outperforms BS/TXR in detecting bone metastases and performs as well as CT for enlarged lymph node evaluation. WBMRI can replace the current multimodality metastatic work-up for the concurrent evaluation of bones and lymph nodes in high-risk PCa patients.     

Comparison of oncological outcomes after segmental ureterectomy or radical nephroureterectomy in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract: results from a large French multicentre study

Study Type – Therapy (multi‐centre retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT‐UCs) are rare tumours. Because of the aggressive pattern of UC, radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff removal remains the ‘gold‐standard’ treatment. However, conservative strategies, such as segmental ureterectomy (SU) or endourological management, have also been developed in patients with imperative indications. Some teams are now advocating the use of conservative management more commonly in cases of elective indications of UUT‐UCs. Due to the paucity of cases of UUT‐UC, only limited data are available on the oncological outcomes afforded by conservative management. We retrospectively investigated the oncological outcomes after SU and RNU in a large multi‐institutional database. Overall, 52 patients were treated with SU and 416 with RNU. There was no statistical difference between the RNU and SU groups for the 5‐year probability of cancer‐specific survival, recurrence‐free survival and metastasis‐free survival. The type of surgery was not a significant prognostic factor in univariate analysis. The results were the same in a subgroup analysis of only unifocal tumours of the distal ureter with a diameter of <2 cm and of low stage (≤T2). Our results suggest that oncological outcomes after conservative treatment with SU are comparable to RNU for the management of UUT‐UC in select cases.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To compare recurrence‐free survival (RFS), metastasis‐free survival (MFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) after segmental ureterectomy (SU) vs radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper urinary tract (UUT‐UC) located in the ureter.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? We performed a multi‐institutional retrospective review of patients with UUT‐UC who had undergone RNU or SU between 1995 and 2010.
• ? Type of surgery, Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis status, tumour grade, lymphovascular invasion and positive surgical margin were tested as prognostic factors for survival.

RESULTS

• ? In all, 52 patients were treated with SU and 416 with RNU. The median (range) follow‐up was 26 (10–48) months.
• ? The 5‐year probability of CSS, RFS and MFS for SU and RNU were 87.9% and 86.3%, respectively (P= 0.99); 37% and 47.9%, respectively (P= 0.48); 81.9% and 85.4%, respectively (P= 0.51).
• ? In univariable analysis, type of surgery (SU vs RNU) failed to affect CSS, RFS and MFS (P= 0.94, 0.42 and 0.53, respectively).
• ? In multivariable analyses, pT stage and pN stage achieved independent predictor status for CSS (P= 0.005 and 0.007, respectively); the positive surgical margin and pT stage were independent prognostic factors of RFS and MFS (P= 0.001, 0.04, 0.009 and 0.001, respectively).
• ? The main limitation of the study is its retrospective design, which is due to the rarity of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Short‐term oncological outcomes after conservative treatment with SU are comparable to RNU for the management of UUT‐UC in select cases and should be considered an option.
• ? In every other case, RNU still represents the ‘gold standard’ for the treatment of UUT‐UC.

     

下胫腓前韧带撕裂对胫距关节面生物力学的影响

目的:探讨下胫腓前韧带撕裂后,距骨滑车上关节面压力与其分布的面积变化情况,为临床治疗下胫腓前韧带撕裂提供依据。方法:取6具成人新鲜踝关节标本,男4具,女2具;年龄25～60岁,平均44.6岁。将踝关节标本去除皮肤、肌肉等软组织,保留踝关节囊、内外侧韧带及下胫腓联合韧带。用特制夹具将踝关节固定于中立位,分别用压敏片测量在700N轴向负荷下,每个下胫腓前韧带完整的踝关节(控制组)与下胫腓前韧带撕裂的踝关节(断裂组)距骨滑车上关节面的平均压强、压强峰值及应力分布面积并进行统计分析。结果:控制组与断裂组应力分布面积分别为(367.8±54.0)mm2和(386.0±53.7)mm2;压强分别为(1.40±0.12)MPa和(1.70±0.35)MPa;压强峰值分别为(2.60±0.33)MPa和(3.20±0.32)MPa。从实验结果看,下胫腓前韧带断裂后,应力分布面积变化不显著(t=0.021,P=0.983),应力分布发生改变,应力集中区域向后外侧转移,平均压强(t=4.140,P=0.020)及压强峰值增加(t=3.169,P=0.010)。结论:下胫腓前韧带断裂时,距骨外旋,其滑车上关节面平均压强、压强峰值及应力分布发生变化,可能会导致创伤性关节炎,应该手术治疗,恢复其正常解剖关系。     

胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

目的探讨胸椎椎管狭窄症术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的成因、诊断、治疗及预防措施。方法回顾性分析2003年6月～2011年12月因胸椎椎管狭窄症给予后路全椎板减压手术的患者101例,其中术后经再次手术证实术区急性硬脊膜外血肿9例,对其临床表现与再次手术情况进行分析。结果 9例患者全部获得随访,随访时间为3～45个月,平均34个月。血肿清除前神经功能评分为0.89±0.78,血肿清除后的神经功能评分为2.33±1.22,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（t=4.91,P〈0.01）。硬膜外血肿压迫时间为（7.72±7.06）min,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间呈负相关（r=-0.789 6,P〈0.01）。结论胸椎椎管狭窄症手术后急性硬膜外血肿应尽快手术减压,血肿清除越早,术后神经功能恢复越好。     

Recurrence of Dislocation Following Total Hip Arthroplasty Revision Using Dual Mobility Cups Was Rare in 180 Hips Followed Over 7?Years

Background

Dual mobility (DM) cups of mobile polyethylene were introduced to prevent total hip arthroplasty (THA) dislocation, but no large series with this design to treat recurrent instability have been reported.

Purpose

Our retrospective investigation ascertained the efficiency of DM cups in correction of recurrent dislocation and assessed any adverse effects.

Methods

One hundred eighty THAs with recurrent instability were revised to DM cups in 180 patients (mean age, 67.4 ± 11.7 years; range, 19 to 92 years). Thirty-one patients (17.2%) underwent at least one earlier THA revision, and 15 (10.3%) incurred non-union of the greater trochanter. Of the initial group in 2009, 145 patients had completed evaluations which included assessment of the Harris Hip Score and a radiographic assessment at a mean follow-up of 7.7 ± 2.2 years (range, 4 to 14 years). The rate of survival was calculated considering any reason for revision as failure.

Results

At follow-up, Harris hip score was 83.9 ± 16.1 (range, 21 to 100). Dislocation of the large articulation occurred in seven hips (4.8%), and only two recurred (1.4%) (one requiring additional revision). In addition, two intra-prosthetic dislocations of the small articulation (1.4%) were observed and needed revision surgery. The large number of earlier surgeries and non-union of the greater trochanter were related to recurrent instability. Two cups (1.4%) showed signs of definite loosening; six (4.1%) presented signs of possible loosening. Twenty-nine hips manifested femoral or acetabular osteolysis (20%), but only three were severe. Eight-year survival rate considering revision for any reason was 92.6% (95% CI, 85.5–96.4%).

Conclusions

This series indicates that DM cups are a viable option to treat recurrent THA instability. Their design provides a low risk of recurrent instability without increasing mechanical complications.     

2型糖尿病大鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸与阴茎海绵体内NOS和内源性CO的相关性研究

目的:研究2型糖尿病性大鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与阴茎海绵体内NOS和内源性CO的相关性。方法:选取3月龄雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机选取10只为对照组(A组);高糖高脂饲料饲养4周后从其他40只大鼠中筛选出30只构建成功的糖尿病(DM)大鼠模型,随机分成3组:DM大鼠组(B组);胰岛素治疗组(C组)和叶酸+维生素B12治疗组(D组)。8周及12周后注射阿朴吗啡观察各组大鼠阴茎勃起情况。12周后测各组大鼠血浆总Hcy含量及阴茎海绵体内NOS活性和CO含量。结果:与A组比较,B组大鼠血浆Hcy浓度明显升高,阴茎勃起功能明显降低,阴茎海绵体NOS活性和CO含量均下降,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。2型DM大鼠中高Hcy血症发生率为55%。与B组比较,C组和D组中大鼠血浆Hcy浓度显著下降,阴茎勃起功能、阴茎海绵体NOS活性均升高(P<0.01),Hcy与NOS(rA=-0.89,rB=-0.76,rC=-0.91,rD=-0.91)及CO含量(rA=-0.82,rB=-0.77,rC=-0.93,rD=-0.81)均呈负相关。结论:2型DM大鼠血浆中的高Hcy可能是引起阴茎海绵体NOS活性下降、CO含量下降,进而导致DM ED发病的分子机制之一。胰岛素、叶酸和维生素B12可以改善DM大鼠的勃起功能,提高阴茎海绵体NOS活性和CO含量。     

Video-assisted thoracic surgery resection for pediatric mediastinal neurogenic tumors

Background/PurposeVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) resection of mediastinal neurogenic tumors is still controversial in children. The aim of this study was to review the cases of VATS resection of such tumors in children from 3 institutions located in different countries.MethodsThis retrospective study included 17 children treated between July 1995 and February 2011. Medical charts were reviewed for collection of data on age, sex, histologic type of tumor, clinical manifestations, age and weight at surgery, tumor size, duration of thoracic drainage, surgical complications, tumor recurrence, and mortality.ResultsThirteen (76.5%) males and 4 (23.5%) females were studied. Median age was 16 months (range, 10.6-60 months), and median weight was 11.9 kg (range, 9.3-27.4 kg). Ten children had neuroblastoma (58.8%), 4 had ganglioneuroma (23.5%), and 3 had ganglioneuroblastoma (17.7%). The median duration of the operation was 90 minutes (range, 45-180 minutes), with complete thoracoscopic resection in all cases. Two children (11.8%) developed Horner syndrome postoperatively. No deaths were reported, and no recurrence was noted during a median follow-up period of 16 months (range, 8.9-28.6 months).ConclusionsVideo-assisted thoracoscopic surgery resection of mediastinal neurogenic tumors in children produced good results, with no recurrence and minimal postoperative complications. The major advantages of this approach are the avoidance of thoracotomy complications and the enhanced surgical accuracy provided by improved visualization.     

Simple Enucleation Versus Radical Nephrectomy in the Treatment of pT1a and pT1b Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background

Simple tumor enucleation (TE) showed excellent oncologic results in large retrospective series. No study has compared oncologic outcomes after TE and radical nephrectomy (RN) for the treatment of pT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the present study is to compare the oncologic outcomes after TE and RN in pT1 RCCs.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 475 patients who underwent TE or RN for pT1 RCC, N0, M0, between 1995 and 2007. TE was performed in 332 patients and RN in 143. Local recurrence, progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were the main outcomes of this study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival functions, and differences were assessed with the log rank statistic. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were also used.

Results

The 5- and 10-year PFS estimates were 91.3 and 88.7% after RN and 95.3 and 92.8% after TE (P?=?NS), respectively. The 5- and 10-year CSS estimates were 92.1 and 89.4% after RN and 94.4% (5- and 10-year CSS) after TE (P?=?NS), respectively. No statistically significant differences between RN and TE were found after adjusting CSS probabilities according to age at surgery, grade, stage, or clear cell subtype. Surgical treatment was not a predictor of PFS or CSS by both univariate and multivariate analyses. The potential limitation of this study is that the data originate from a retrospective review.

Conclusions

TE can achieve oncologic results similar to those of RN for the treatment of pT1 RCCs, provided tumors are carefully selected on the basis of their safe and complete removal.     

Experimental Study on Influence of Naolisu Capsules on Hypoxia Inducible Factor Alpha Expression in Rats with Vascular Dementia Induced by Chronic Ischemia

[目的]通过观察中药复方脑力苏胶囊对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠海马低氧诱导因子-1α (HIF-1α)阳性细胞表达的影响,探讨其改善VD大鼠认知障碍的作用机制.[方法]选用雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为假手术组,模型组,脑力苏高、低剂量组(剂量分别为2.5、1.25g· kg-1·d-1),喜得镇组(剂量为0.6mg·kg-1·d-1);采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法复制VD大鼠模型,采用Morris水迷宫测试法检测VD大鼠学习、记忆改善状况,免疫组化法检测大鼠海马(CA1区)HIF-1α阳性细胞数.[结果]脑力苏高、低剂量组大鼠学习记忆能力显著改善(P＜0.01),海马HIF-1α阳性细胞表达较模型组显著降低(P＜0.01).[结论]脑力苏胶囊治疗VD的作用与其能降低海马HIF-1α表达,提高缺血脑组织细胞内氧浓度有关.     

预注右美托咪定的镇静效应及其对全麻患者气管插管反应的影响

目的观察预注右美托咪定对镇静及气管插管反应的影响。方法择期全凭静脉麻醉下行甲状腺次全切除术患者42例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,体重指数18～30kg/m²,随机均分为两组:右美托咪定组（D组）和对照组（C组）。D组患者于麻醉诱导前15min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg（10min内泵注完毕）,C组患者以同样方式泵注等量生理盐水;观察5min后开始麻醉诱导,两组患者麻醉诱导方法相同,当BIS≤45时行气管插管。记录给药前（T₀）、给药完毕即刻（T₁）、给药后5min（T₂）、插管前即刻（T₃）、插管成功后即刻（T₄）、插管成功后1min（T₅）、3min（T₆）、5min（T₇）患者的MAP、HR、SpO₂、BIS、Ramsay镇静评分;记录患者意识消失时间和BIS降至45的时间;观察并记录麻醉诱导期间的不良反应。结果与C组比较,D组患者意识消失时间和BIS降至45的时间缩短（P<0.05）;与T₀时比较,T₁～T₇时D组患者MAP、BIS均降低,HR减慢,Ramsay镇静评分升高（P<0.05）;T₃～T₇时C组MAP、BIS均降低,Ramsay镇静评分升高;T₃、T₆和T₇时C组HR减慢（P<0.05）;与T₃时比较,T₆时D组MAP降低,T₄、T₅时C组MAP均升高,HR增快（P<0.05）。结论右美托咪定0.6μg/kg预注可产生明显的镇静作用,缩短麻醉诱导时间,有效抑制气管插管所引起的心血管反应。