双茂基希夫碱稀土络合物/NaH 体系催化1，5-己二烯异构化反应

研究了双茂基希夫碱稀土络合物/NaH体系催化1,5-己二烯的异构化反应。异构化反应生成1,4-己二烯、2,4-己二烯、1,3-己二烯、亚甲基环戊烷和甲基环戊烯的混合物。同时研究了异构化反应中不同催化剂、反应温度、催化剂用量和时间对异构化速率及产品组成的影响。产物中线型产物与环状产物的比率取决于所用的催化剂及反应条件。     

Corneal Keratocyte Density and Corneal Nerves Are Reduced in Patients With Severe Obesity and Improve After Bariatric Surgery

PurposeObesity is associated with peripheral neuropathy, which bariatric surgery may ameliorate. The aim of this study was to assess whether corneal confocal microscopy can show a change in corneal nerve morphology and keratocyte density in subjects with severe obesity after bariatric surgery.MethodsTwenty obese patients with diabetes (n = 13) and without diabetes (n = 7) underwent assessment of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipids, IL-6, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and corneal confocal microscopy before and 12 months after bariatric surgery. Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and keratocyte density (KD) from the anterior, middle, and posterior stroma were quantified. Twenty-two controls underwent assessment at baseline only.ResultsCNFL (P < 0.001), CNBD (P < 0.05), and anterior (P < 0.001), middle (P < 0.001), and posterior (P < 0.001) keratocyte densities were significantly lower in obese patients compared to controls, and anterior keratocyte density (AKD) correlated with CNFL. Twelve months after bariatric surgery, there were significant improvements in body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05), hsCRP (P < 0.001), and IL-6 (P < 0.01). There were significant increases in CNFD (P < 0.05), CNBD (P < 0.05), CNFL (P < 0.05), and anterior (P < 0.05) and middle (P < 0.001) keratocyte densities. The increase in AKD correlated with a decrease in BMI (r = –0.55, P < 0.05) and triglycerides (r = –0.85, P < 0.001). There were no significant correlations between the change in keratocyte densities and corneal nerve fiber or other neuropathy measures.ConclusionsCorneal confocal microscopy demonstrates early small fiber damage and reduced keratocyte density in obese patients. Bariatric surgery leads to weight reduction and improvement in lipids and inflammation and an improvement in keratocyte density and corneal nerve regeneration.     

Interferon α2–Thymosin α1 Fusion Protein (IFNα2–Tα1): A Genetically Engineered Fusion Protein with Enhanced Anticancer and Antiviral Effect

Human interferon α2 (IFNα2) and thymosin α1 (Tα1) are therapeutic proteins used for the treatment of viral infections and different types of cancer. Both IFNα2 and Tα1 show a synergic effect in their activities when used in combination. Furthermore, the therapeutic fusion proteins produced through the genetic fusion of two genes can exhibit several therapeutic functions in one molecule. In this study, we determined the anticancer and antiviral effect of human interferon α2–thymosin α1 fusion protein (IFNα2–Tα1) produced in our laboratory for the first time. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of IFNα2–Tα1 was evaluated in HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The in vitro assays confirmed that IFNα2–Tα1 inhibited the growth of cells more effectively than IFNα2 alone and showed an elevated genotoxic effect. The expression of proapoptotic genes was also significantly enhanced in IFNα2–Tα1-treated cells compared to IFNα2-treated cells. Furthermore, the HCV RNA level was significantly reduced in IFNα2–Tα1-treated HCV-infected Huh7 cells compared to IFNα2-treated cells. The quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of various genes, the products of which inhibit HCV replication, was significantly enhanced in IFNα2–Tα1-treated cells compared to IFNα2-treated cells. Our findings demonstrate that IFNα2–Tα1 is more effective than single IFNα2 as an anticancer and antiviral agent.     

Splenic injuries secondary to colonoscopy:Rare but serious complication

BACKGROUND Colonoscopy is a safe and routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for evaluation of large bowel diseases.Most common procedure related complications include bleeding and perforation but rarely a splenic Injury.AIM To investigate the reason for colonoscopy,presentation of patient with spleen injury,types of injury,diagnosis,management and outcomes of patients METHODS A structured search on four databases was done and 45 articles with 68 patients were selected.The reason for colonoscopy,presentation of patient with spleen injury,types of injury,diagnosis,management and outcomes of patients were identified and analyzed using SPSS.RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 62.7 years with 64% females.Twenty two percent had a complete splenic rupture with colonoscopy while 63% had subcapsular hematoma,spleen laceration and spleen avulsion.The most common reason for colonoscopy was screening(46%) followed by diagnostic colonoscopy(28%).Eighty seven percent of patients presented with abdominal pain.Patients with spleen rupture mostly required splenectomy(47%),while minor spleen hematomas and lacerations were managed conservatively(38%).Six percent of the patients were managed with proximal splenic artery splenic embolization and4% were managed with laparoscopic repair.The overall mortality was 10% while77% had complete recovery.The reason of colonoscopy against presentation specifically,abdominal pain showed no statistical significance P = 0.69.The indication of colonoscopy had no significant impact on incidence of splenic injury(P = 0.89).Majority of the patients(47%) were managed with splenectomy while the rest were managed conservatively(P = 0.04).This association was moderately strong at a cramer's V test(0.34).The Fisher exact test showed a higher mortality with spleen rupture(P = 0.028).CONCLUSION Spleen rupture due to colonoscopy is a significant concern and is associated with high mortality.The management of the patients can be individualized based on clinical presentation.