Glycyrrhizin treatment is associated with attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression

Glycyrrhizin (GL), a major active constituent of licorice root, has been attributed numerous pharmacologic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor, and hepatoprotective activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. ALI was induced in Balb/c mice by intratracheal instillation of LPS (1 mg/kg). Before 1 h of LPS administration, the mice received intraperitoneal injection of GL at varied doses (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg). The severity of pulmonary injury was evaluated 12 h after LPS administration. GL pretreatment led to significant attenuation of LPS induced evident lung histopathologic changes, alveolar hemorrhage, and neutrophil infiltration with evidence of reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The lung wet/dry weight ratios, as an index of lung edema, were markedly reduced by GL pretreatment. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after LPS administration, which were significantly inhibited by GL pretreatment. GL pretreatment also reduced the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in lung tissues. Furthermore, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was suppressed by GL pretreatment. In conclusion, GL potently protected against LPS-induced ALI, and the protective effects of GL may attribute partly to the suppression of COX-2 and iNOS expression.     

手辅助腹腔镜在结直肠肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨手辅助腹腔镜技术（HALS）在结直肠肿瘤手术中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析接受HALS治疗的70例结直肠癌患者的临床资料。结果70例患者中男性38例．女性32例．中位年龄61岁。乙状结肠腺瘤4例,乙状结肠癌48例,降结肠癌3例,升结肠癌1例．直肠癌13例,全结肠切除1例。所有患者均顺利完成HALS,无中转开腹病例。手术时间为（126．0±22．5）min：术中出血（75．0±18．8）ml;平均清扫淋巴结（16．8±4．2）枚,术后平均住院9．4d。无围手术期死亡病例,术后1例患者出现吻合口狭窄,2例吻合口瘘,均经保守治疗好转。结论HALS用于结肠癌手术创伤小、易掌握、安全性高,具有良好应用前景。     

糖尿病雄性生殖损伤及其发生机制

糖尿病是由多种病因引起的代谢性疾病 ,其生殖损伤严重危害机体的健康。本文综述了糖尿病雄性生殖损伤病理生理改变及其发生机制 ,高血糖导致的氧化应激在糖尿病雄性生殖损伤中的重要作用 ,以及某些抗氧化剂可能成为有效治疗糖尿病生殖损伤的药物。     

Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in adult moyamoya disease: Comparison of angiographic collateral circulation

PURPOSE: The extent of the hemodynamic and metabolic impairments in adult patients with moyamoya disease is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic status in relation to the development of basal moyamoya vessels (BMVs). METHODS: The cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured using PET in ten patients with ischemic adult moyamoya disease (mean age, 36.6 years) and six age-matched normal controls (mean age, 33.3 years). The cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) after acetazolamide (ACZ) loading was also estimated using iodine-123 N-isopropyl-p-iodo amphetamine single photon emission computed tomography (123I-IMP SPECT). RESULTS: Based on the angiographic findings, eleven cerebral hemispheres with well-developed BMV (extensive BMV hemispheres) and nine cerebral hemispheres with diminished BMV (diminished BMV hemispheres) were identified. The main routes of collateral circulation in extensive BMV hemispheres were BMVs and leptomeningeal anastomoses. On the other hand, in diminished BMV hemispheres, transdural anastomosis was predominant, and leptomeningeal anastomoses were less developed. In cortices distal to the occluded internal carotid artery, the extensive BMV hemispheres exhibited a significantly lower CBF, CMRO2, CBF/CBV, and CVR (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher CBV and OEF than in diminished BMV hemispheres and controls (p < 0.05). Except for the CBF in the white matter, the mean hemodynamic and metabolic parameters of the diminished BMV hemispheres were not significantly different from those of the controls. CONCLUSION: The extensive development of basal moyamoya vessels is a sign of severe hemodynamic impairment in adult patients with ischemic moyamoya disease. The results may not apply to adults with hemorrhagic onset.     

A prognostic immune predictor,HLA-DRA,plays diverse roles in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer

BackgroundThere is an increasing demand for prognostic immune biomarkers of cancer. The prognostic significance of immune markers has been shown for various cancers, but biomarkers of bladder cancer (BCa) have not been fully evaluated. To clarify the role of human leukocyte antigen DR alpha chain (HLA-DRA) in BCa development, we examined expression of HLA-DRA mRNA in tissue samples of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).Materials and MethodsTissues of 96 NMIBC, 43 MIBC and 59 controls comprising noncancerous BCa surrounding tissues were used to examine the expression of HLA-DRA gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of up-stream genes regulating HLA-DRA were also measured to explain the role of HLA-DRA in BCa.ResultsPatients with high grade NMIBC showed higher expression of HLA-DRA than those with low grade NMIBC (P < 0.05). In addition, NMIBC patients who progressed to MIBC showed high expression of HLA-DRA mRNA. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that NMIBC patients with low expression of HLA-DRA had better progression-free survival than those with high expression (P = 0.004). Moreover, the expression of genes regulating HLA-DRA varied in NMIBC and MIBC, indicating a different immunoregulation effect of HLA-DRA in both cancers.ConclusionsHigh expression of HLA-DRA in NMIBC patients has implications for patient stratification strategies, as well as for BCa tumor immunology.     

Amelioration in Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity by Reduced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation at Short-Term After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background

Previous studies showed that early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), there is a remarkable improvement in type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance. This study aims to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of this effect. We determined the acute effects of RYGB on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity.

Methods

A rat model of type 2 diabetes was established using high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, ip). Animals were divided into four groups: diabetic, diabetic RYGB, diabetic RYGB sham, and control rats. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with tracer infusion were completed at 2 weeks postoperatively to assess insulin sensitivity. Triglyceride concentration in liver and muscle tissues was determined. Protein kinase C (PKC) membrane translocation, protein expression of phospho-c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK), and phospho-IκB kinase β (IKKβ) were assessed with western blot. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the liver were also measured.

Results

RYGB surgery significantly improved hepatic insulin sensitivity index and decreased hepatic triglyceride concentration (P?<?0.05), without an improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity. Membrane translocation of PKC-ε, PKC-δ, and PKC-θ; the ratio of MDA to SOD; and the expression of p-JNK and p-IKKβ in the liver were lower in the diabetic RYGB group than in the diabetic group.

Conclusions

Diabetes remission was induced at short term after RYGB. The improvement of hepatic tissue lipotoxicity decreased the activation of certain PKC isoforms, the activity of JNK and IKK inflammatory signaling pathways, and the degree of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the hepatic insulin sensitivity was ameliorated, which is possibly a mechanism for early diabetes remission.     

单倍体异基因淋巴细胞输注在小鼠移植物抗宿主病和移植物抗肿瘤效应中的意义

目的建立小鼠免疫耐受模型,探讨单倍体异基因淋巴细胞输注在小鼠移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）和移植物抗肿瘤（GVT）效应中的意义。方法64只BALB／C雌性小鼠按随机数字表法分为4组,每组16只。对照组：实验第4天接种肿瘤细胞（小鼠大肠癌CT26细胞株配制成1×10^7／mL的瘤细胞悬液,接种到雌性小鼠右腋皮下）后不予任何特殊处理;化疗组：实验第4天接种肿瘤细胞,第7天开始化疗;供体淋巴细胞输注（DLI）组：实验开始时进行预处理,第4天接种肿瘤细胞,第13、15、17天输注单倍体异基因淋巴细胞（雄性BALB／C小鼠制备的脾淋巴细胞）;化疗＋DLI组：实验开始时进行预处理,第4天接种肿瘤细胞,第7天开始化疗,第13、15、17天输注单倍体异基因淋巴细胞。预处理方案为输注单倍体异基因淋巴细胞＋环磷酰胺＋输注单倍体异基因淋巴细胞。化疗方案为小鼠接种肿瘤细胞后第3天给予环磷酰胺腹腔化疗。每日观察各组小鼠临床GVHD的指标,并给予临床评分。观察荷瘤鼠肿瘤生长情况,计算接种成功后首日到小鼠死亡的时间和肿瘤质量,计算抑瘤率。应用流式细胞仪检测各组小鼠外周静脉血中T细胞数量,接种后15d各组处死3只小鼠取瘤体制作成观察切片,HE染色后光镜观察。多组比较采用方差分析,组间比较采用LSD—t检验。结果化疗＋DLI组的小鼠GVHD临床表现轻于其他组小鼠。对照组、化疗组、DLI组、化疗＋DLI组GVHD评分分别为（2．3±0．6）分、（1．5±1．1）分、（6．7±0．9）分、（3．4±0．5）分,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=148．68,P〈0．05）。4组小鼠全部接种CT26细胞成功。对照组、化疗组、DLI组、化疗＋DLI组小鼠肿瘤质量分别为（3．40±0．20）g、（0．80±0．10）g、（2．20±0．20）g、（0．50±0．30）g,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=149．17,P〈0．05）;4组小鼠抑瘤率分别为0、77％±9％、35％±3％、85％±44％;4组小鼠CD3’分别为52．3％±2．9％、44．8％±3．1％、62．9％±3．5％、65．9％±3．3％,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F：28．04,P〈0．05）;4组小鼠CD3＋CD4＋分别为32．1％±2．6％、27．1％±1．1％、42．6％±1．8％、41．7％±2．4％,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=40．29,P〈0．05）;4组小鼠CD3＋CD8＋分别为22．7％±2．2％、20．7％±1．8％、26．7％±0．8％、26．1％±0．7％,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=10．74,P〈0．05）;4组小鼠CD3＋CD＋CD25＋分别为8．7％±0．6％、6．6％±0．6％、11．2％±0．4％、13．3％±0．7％,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=82．88,P〈0．05）。4组小鼠的肿瘤组织均有不同程度的坏死、出血,其中DLI组和化疗＋DLI组肿瘤组织大片坏死,瘤细胞变小,间质内有大量炎性细胞浸润,化疗＋DLI组还可见大量增生的淋巴滤泡。对照组、化疗组、DLI组、化疗＋DLI组小鼠生存时间分别为（16．8±2．5）d、（26．3±2．9）d、（23．4±2．5）d、（33．7±4．6）d,4组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=46．45,P〈0．05）。结论（1）预处理方案可以诱导小鼠的特异性免疫耐受。（2）单倍体异基因淋巴细胞输注与化疗具有协同作用,联合应用可以抑制小鼠皮下移植瘤瘤体的生长以及延长小鼠的生存时间。（3）化疗可降低供体淋巴细胞输注后诱发的GVHD效应并且提高了GVT效果。（4）CD3＋CIN＋CD25＋T淋巴细胞在降低GVHD反应中起着重要的作用。     

Malignant transformatin of human bronchial epithelial cells by radon-simulated {alpha}-particles

Epidemiological studies have shown that inhalation of radonis associated with an increased risk for bronchogenic carcinomain uranium miners. These     

20例脑肿瘤术中应用B超定位切除的意义

目的：总结术中B超在脑肿瘤手术中的意义方法：对20例脑肿瘤患者26个病灶实施术中B超脑肿瘤切除结果：20例患者26个病灶行术中B超定位脑肿瘤切除，肿瘤定位准确，不需探查，肿瘤切除满意，无脑组织损伤．未出现相应明显的神经系统障碍结论：术中B超操作简便，重复性强，定位准确，安全经济，肿瘤切除满意，具有广泛的应用前案