The Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus: A Brief Review of What We Do and Do Not Know

Given its high prevalence, its wide distribution and its remarkable capacity to cause severe mortality in shrimp, the infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) may deserve far more attention than it has received, as it remains considered as one of the most serious problems plaguing the global shrimp farming industry. Furthermore, its real measurable impact over wild shrimp populations remains unknown. Undeniably, the progress that we have reached today on the knowledge of its geographical distribution, clinical signs, genetic diversity, transmission and virulence may help to identify and understand important aspects of its biology and pathogenesis. However, the information regarding the molecular events that occur during the infection process is scarce. Thus, it may not be surprising to find that there are no therapeutic options available for the prophylaxis or treatments to reduce the deleterious impact of this viral pathogen to date. The aim of this review is to integrate and discuss the current state of knowledge concerning several aspects of the biology of IHHNV and to highlight potential future directions for this area of research.     

Domesticated Cats with Active Mycobacteria Infections have Low Serum Vitamin D (25(OH)D) Concentrations

Vitamin D insufficiency is regularly observed in human patients with tuberculosis but it is unknown if spontaneous mycobacteria infections in other species are associated with suboptimal vitamin D status. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were significantly lower in cats with mycobacteriosis than in healthy cats (P < 0.001).     

Outcome of Three Commercial Serum ELISAs and Faecal Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Consecutive Samples from a Cattle Herd with Low Prevalence of Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)

Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in ruminants is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Owing to the lack of accurate laboratory tests, diagnosis is challenging in subclinically infected cattle. To evaluate the long‐term performance of serum ELISAs for the detection of paratuberculosis in a dairy herd with low MAP‐prevalence, three investigations of all the cows and the consecutive testing of 33 cows suspected to be infected with MAP and 30 cows classified as MAP free were performed over a period of 22 months. Blood samples were tested by three commercial serum ELISAs, MAP shedding was detected by bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ELISA results varied in a wide range in the herd investigations with 1.2% to 18.8% positive samples, the faecal samples were positive for MAP between 1.8% and 4.9% in the three herd investigations. Over the study period, ELISA‐positive serum samples varied between 0.0% and 69.7% in MAP‐suspicious and 0.0% and 17.6% in MAP‐unsuspicious cows with a poor correlation between ELISAs and faecal shedding. The correlation coefficient of the optical density values of the three ELISAs varied between 0.348 and 0.61. Evidence of cow specific variations of residuals was found in all linear models. The linear mixed models showed relevant contribution of cow specific variation in explanation of the residual variances. They also showed significant effects of the explanatory ELISA, the group (MAP‐suspicious or MAP‐unsuspicious) and the time of sampling. It can be concluded that the choice of the laboratory test significantly influences the outcome of the testing for MAP and that none of the three ELISAs can be thoroughly recommended as single test for the early diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle. Test results should always be interpreted with caution to avoid erroneous decisions and the disappointment of those engaged in the abatement of paratuberculosis.     

俯卧位用于患儿催吐洗胃效果观察

目的 探讨俯卧位催吐在口服中毒患儿洗胃中的应用价值.方法 将30例误服药物患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各15例.观察组采用俯卧位进行反复催吐洗胃,对照组采用常规坐位反复催吐.比较两组催吐成功率、药物残留率、洗胃并发症发生率以及患儿合作情况.结果 除药物残留项外,另3项观察组显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 俯卧位催吐应用于患儿洗胃效果好,安全,易于被家长及患儿接受.     

Imaging-Based Tumor Treatment Response Evaluation: Review of Conventional, New, and Emerging Concepts

Tumor response may be assessed readily by the use of Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor version 1.1. However, the criteria mainly depend on tumor size changes. These criteria do not reflect other morphologic (tumor necrosis, hemorrhage, and cavitation), functional, or metabolic changes that may occur with targeted chemotherapy or even with conventional chemotherapy. The state-of-the-art multidetector CT is still playing an important role, by showing high-quality, high-resolution images that are appropriate enough to measure tumor size and its changes. Additional imaging biomarker devices such as dual energy CT, positron emission tomography, MRI including diffusion-weighted MRI shall be more frequently used for tumor response evaluation, because they provide detailed anatomic, and functional or metabolic change information during tumor treatment, particularly during targeted chemotherapy. This review elucidates morphologic and functional or metabolic approaches, and new concepts in the evaluation of tumor response in the era of personalized medicine (targeted chemotherapy).     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折PFNA-Ⅱ插钉内固定的手术技巧

目的 随着头髓钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的逐渐推广,临床上插钉困难、固定不满意者也并不少见.本文探讨使用亚洲型股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA Ⅱ)治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的手术技巧.方法 通过总结自身的经验体会并复习文献资料,总结出涉及手术顺利成功的10条经验.结果 包括患者在手术台上的体位摆放、入钉点内移至大粗隆顶点内侧壁、导针尖端弯曲成角、扩髓时手部顶压防止撑开效应、手工轻旋插入、用TAD控制股骨头内的螺旋刀片位置、注意股骨前弓与钉尖的撞击,注意钉尾突出高度、在身材矮小的老年肥胖女性准备侧板固定系统等.结论 重视头髓钉的结构特点与手术技巧,有利于提高插钉成功率与固定质量.