Enhancement of progenitor cell division in the dentate gyrus triggered by initial limbic seizures in rat models of epilepsy

PURPOSE: Mitogenic effects of seizures on granule cell progenitors in the dentate gyrus were studied in two rat models of epilepsy. We investigated which stage of epileptogenesis is critical for eliciting progenitor cell division and whether seizure-induced neuronal degeneration is responsible for the enhancement of progenitor cell division. METHODS: Seizures were induced by either kainic acid (KA) administration or electrical kindling. Neurogenesis of dentate granule cells was evaluated using the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling method, and neuronal degeneration was assessed by in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. RESULTS: After injection of KA, the number of BrdU-positive granule cells began to increase at day 3 after the treatment, peaked at day 5, and returned to baseline at day 10. By day 13, the values were lower than control. After kindling, the number of BrdU-positive cells began to increase after five consecutive experiences of stage I seizures. The increase occurred from day 1 to day 3 after the last electrical stimulation, but returned to baseline by day 7. After generalized seizures were well established, repeated stimulation did not facilitate division of granule cell progenitors. DNA fragmentation was noted in pyramidal neurons in the CA1, CA3, and hilus regions at 18 h after KA injection, but not in the kindling model. CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that a mechanism in epileptogenesis boosts dentate progenitor cell division, but progenitor cells may become unreactive to prolonged generalized seizures. Pyramidal neuronal degeneration is not necessary for triggering the upregulation. It is suggested that newly born granule cells may play a role in the network reorganization that occurs during epileptogenesis.     

Application of PET-MRI registration techniques to cat brain imaging

In positron emission tomography (PET) studies of diseased animals, it is very useful to have accurate anatomical information as a reference. In human studies, anatomical information is usually obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the subject with retrospective registration of the subject's PET image to the MRI. A number of PET-MRI registration techniques are used for this purpose. However, the utility of these methods has not been tested for animals image registration. This paper studies the feasibility of applying two currently used human brain PET-MRI registration techniques to cat brain images. METHODS: Three cats were anesthetized with isoflurane gas, and PET images were acquired with H(2)(15)O, benzodiazepine receptor ligand 11C-flumazemil (FMZ), dopamine receptor ligand 11C-nemonapride (NEM) and fluorodeoxy glucose (18F-FDG). The four PET scans were acquired consecutively within the same day while the cat remained fixed in the scanner. We also obtained T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI of the cats in a 4.7 T unit. The PET images were registered to MRI using two human brain registration techniques: a semi-automatic method (SAM), which is a two-step method based on the extraction of the midsagittal plane, and an automatic method (AMIR) method that minimizes PET pixel variance within spatially connected segments determined by MRI. RESULTS: T2-weighted MRI provided better structural information than T1 MRI. FMZ did, while FDG or H(2)O PET images did not, provide a structural outline of the brain. The FMZ PET image was registered to MRI satisfactorily using SAM. The striatum visualized in nemonapride PET image re-sliced with the same parameters matched the striatum identified in T2-weighted MRI. Registration by AMIR was successful by inspection for FMZ, FDG or H(2)O PET images in only one of the three cats. The registration error of SAM was estimated to be less than 2 mm or 2 degrees. CONCLUSION: A satisfactory registration of FMZ-PET to T2-weighted MRI of the cat brain was obtained by a two-step manual registration technique. This will enhance the usefulness of PET in the field of cerebral pathophysiology.     

Intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia for CABG: extended interval of cardioplegia

BACKGROUND: Intermittent delivery of warm cardioplegia provides a bloodless surgical field, but it is clinically important to evaluate the periods of normothermic ischemia. The aims of this study are to compare intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC) with intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia (IACBC) groups in terms of myocardial protection, and also to evaluate whether the length of ischemic time in the IAWBC group has an effect on myocardial dysfunction. METHODS: This study is based on a retrospective review of patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass surgery: 162 consecutive patients with IAWBC and 107 consecutive patients with IACBC. RESULTS: The creatinine kinase peak was smaller in the IAWBC group compared with the IACBC group (p<0.0001). The cardiac index after cardiopulmonary bypass was higher in the IAWBC group (p<0.02), and the amount of inotropic support required to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass was less in the IAWBC group compared with the IACBC group (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: IAWBC with 30 minutes of ischemia provides to be clinically acceptable myocardial protection for coronary bypass surgery.     

A decrease in seizure susceptibility to lidocaine in kindled epileptic rats

Lidocaine induces electroencephalographic seizures and generalized convulsions at large doses. It is possible that epileptic patients are more susceptible to the proconvulsant effect of lidocaine. Using a kindling model of epilepsy, we examined whether the seizure susceptibility to lidocaine increases in epileptic rats. Kindled epileptic rats were prepared by repeated, initially subconvulsive, electrical stimulations applied to the amygdala for 9-14 days through a chronically implanted electrode, resulting in the establishment of a long-lasting epileptic focus. Unexpectedly, kindled rats had significantly less susceptibility to the proconvulsant action of IV lidocaine. Lidocaine-induced convulsions were observed in 11%, 75%, and 77% of control rats at 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 mg/kg, respectively, compared with 0%, 25%, and 37% of amygdala-kindled rats, respectively. We also demonstrated that small doses of lidocaine suppressed kindled seizures in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that the critical mechanisms underlying lidocaine-induced seizures differ from the mechanisms underlying kindled epileptogenesis. Furthermore, the establishment of a kindled epileptic focus decreases susceptibility to the proconvulsant action of lidocaine.     

MR cholangiopancreatographic differentiation of benign and malignant intraductal mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish MR cholangiopancreatographic criteria for discriminating benign from malignant intraductal mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients with 34 intraductal mucin-producing tumors underwent MR cholangiopancreatography. Tumors were classified as either main duct type (n = 10) or branch duct type (n = 24). In patients with the main duct type, the maximum diameter and the location of the main pancreatic duct, the extent of main pancreatic duct dilatation, and the presence of a filling defect were evaluated. For branch duct type, the location and maximum diameter of the cystic lesion, the presence of a filling defect, and the presence of associated main pancreatic duct dilatation were evaluated. RESULTS: In patients with the main duct type, the main pancreatic duct was significantly narrower when associated with benign rather than malignant tumors. All malignant tumors showed diffuse main pancreatic duct dilatation, whereas all benign tumors showed segmental dilatation. Among patients with branch duct type, the cyst was smaller when it was a benign rather than malignant tumor. All but one malignant tumor showed mild associated main pancreatic duct dilatation, whereas benign tumors were not associated with main pancreatic duct dilatation. Filling defects suggested malignancy, although half of the malignant tumors had no filling defects. CONCLUSION: In patients with intraductal mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas, filling defects are indicative of malignancy. Diffuse main pancreatic duct dilatation greater than 15 mm (main duct type), or any main pancreatic duct dilatation (branch duct type), is strongly associated with malignancy.     

Carbonic anhydrase II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen targeted by dendritic cell therapy.

Tumor-associated antigens are promising candidates as target molecules for immunotherapy and a wide variety of tumor-associated antigens have been discovered through the presence of serum antibodies in cancer patients. We previously conducted dendritic cell therapy on 10 malignant melanoma patients and shrinkage or disappearance of metastatic tumors with massive necrosis occurred in two patients. In this study, we found a 29-kDa protein against which antibody was elicited by dendritic cell therapy in one of the two patients. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry analysis of the protein isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with Western blots revealed that the 29-kDa protein was carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II). Immunohistochemistry of the tumors and normal tissues showed that CA-II was expressed in the tumor vessel but not in normal vessel endothelium. CA-II expression in tumor endothelium was observed as well in other cancers including esophageal, renal, and lung cancers. In an in vitro angiogenesis model, CA-II expression of normal human vein endothelial cells was significantly up-regulated when cells were cultured in the acidic and hypoxic conditions indicative of a tumor environment. These findings suggest that CA-II is a tumor vessel endothelium-associated antigen in melanoma and other cancers, and elicitation of serum anti-CA-II antibody by dendritic cell therapy may be associated with good clinical outcome including tumor reduction.     

Reduced anxious behavior in mice lacking the CCK2 receptor gene.

Cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptors have been implicated as mediators of anxiety in standard mouse models such as exploratory behavior both in black and white test boxes and in elevated plus-mazes. We investigated the role of the CCK2 receptor in anxiety by evaluating the behavior of mice lacking the gene for this receptor in these standard anxiety models (i.e., exploratory behavior in a black and white test box and exploratory behavior in an elevated plus-maze). In the black and white test box, mice lacking the CCK2 receptor gene showed significantly increased numbers of transitions between the boxes compared to control mice. In the elevated plus-maze, mice lacking the CCK2 receptor gene displayed significantly more head dips than control mice. These results suggest that mice lacking the CCK2 receptor gene are less anxious than normal mice.