Numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 in bladder cancer. A possible prognostic marker for early tumor recurrence

Bilharzial bladder cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy in both men and women in several developing countries including Egypt. It has several unique clinical, epidemiological, and histological characteristics, suggesting that it is an entity distinct from bladder cancer seen in Western countries. Genetic alterations in bilharzial-related bladder cancer have been studied infrequently, especially in the advanced stages of disease, that is, T3 and T4 classifications. The objective of this study was to extend establishing the baseline cytogenetic profile of this type of malignancy to early T1 and T2 classifications. For this purpose, fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied to interphase nuclei of frozen-stored samples with biotinylated repetitive DNA probes specific for all chromosomes to detect numerical chromosome changes in 35 patients presenting with relatively early-stage pT1 and pT2 disease. Eleven cases had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 24 had transitional cell carcinoma. Six of 24 transitional cell carcinomas had diploid chromosome counts with all the probes. Numerical chromosome aberrations were detected in 18 cases (75%). In 12 cases, a loss of chromosome 9 was observed. In three cases, an additional loss of chromosome 17 was detected. One case demonstrated a loss of chromosome 10, whereas another two cases showed a gain of chromosome 7, next to a loss of chromosome 9. Loss of chromosome Y was observed in nine of the 27 male cases studied (33.3%), in which only one case showed an abnormality whereas four cases were detected next to loss of chromosome 9, and one case showed gain of chromosome 7. Five cases showed loss of chromosome 19 whereas gain of chromosome 4 was detected in two cases. Two of 11 samples of SCC had normal diploid chromosome counts with all the probes used. In four of 11 cases (36.4%) underrepresentation of chromosome 9, compared with the other chromosomes, was detected. An additional loss of chromosome 17 and gain of chromosome 7, next to loss of chromosome 9, was detected in three cases. One case showed loss of chromosome 17 as the only numerical aberration. Loss of the Y chromosome was detected in three cases of which one case had gain of chromosome 7 and one case had loss of chromosome 19. No correlation was found between any of the clinicopathologic parameters examined in this study and the presence or absence of any numerical chromosomal aberrations except for the significant association between schistosomal history and loss of Y chromosome (P=0.007).     

Catalase, a Specific Antigen in the Feces of Human Subjects Infected with Helicobacter pylori

Recently, we reported the production of three new monoclonal antibodies with high specificity for a Helicobacter pylori antigen suitable for diagnosis of H. pylori infection. The aim of the present study was to identify the antigen recognized by these monoclonal antibodies concerning both H. pylori and the feces of human subjects infected with H. pylori. The cellular antigen was purified from an H. pylori cell extract by immunoaffinity column chromatography with the monoclonal antibody as a ligand. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences (eight residues) of the purified antigen and H. pylori catalase were the same. The molecular weights of native and subunit, specific catalase activity, and UV and visible spectra of the purified antigen were in good agreement with those of H. pylori catalase. The human fecal antigens were purified from two fecal samples of two H. pylori-positive subjects by ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sephadex C₅₀ chromatography, and the same immunoaffinity chromatography used for the H. pylori cellular antigen. The fecal antigens had catalase activity. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences (five residues) of the human fecal antigen and H. pylori catalase were the same. The monoclonal antibodies reacted with the native cellular antigen, but did not react with the denatured antigen, human catalase, and bovine catalase. The results show that the target antigen of the monoclonal antibodies is native H. pylori catalase and that the monoclonal antibodies are able to specifically detect the antigen, which exists in an intact form, retaining the catalase activity in human feces.     

Frequent co-localization of Cox-2 and laminin-5 gamma2 chain at the invasive front of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas

Laminin-5 is an extracellular matrix protein that plays a key role in cell migration and tumor invasion. Cox-2 is an induced isoform of cyclooxygenases that plays an important role in carcinogenesis, suppression of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of colon cancer. We report frequent co-expression of cox-2 and laminin-5 at the invasive front of early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. We investigated the expression of cox-2 and laminin-5 immunohistochemically in 102 cases of small-sized lung adenocarcinoma (maximum dimension, 2 cm or less). Cox-2 and laminin-5 were expressed in 97 (95.1%) and 82 (80.4%) cases, respectively. Both were preferentially localized in cancer cells at the cancer-stroma interface, although cox-2 tended to show a diffuse staining pattern in some cases. A comparison of their staining patterns revealed a striking similarity in their distribution in 24 cases, and a partial overlap between their localization in another 20 cases. Moreover, an overall correlation was found between the expression levels of cox-2 and laminin-5 (P = 0.018). To gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate the expression of these proteins, we additionally studied their expression in 58 cases of stage I lung adenocarcinoma, in which p53 status was determined by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and direct sequencing. The results showed that tumors with mutant p53 tended to express more cox-2 than those with wild-type p53 (P = 0.080). Also, tumors that overexpressed p53 had higher levels of cox-2 and laminin-5 than those without p53 overexpression (P = 0.032 and 0.047, respectively). Further immunohistochemical analysis showed that tumors that overexpressed both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and erbB-2 had higher levels of cox-2 and laminin-5 than those without concomitant overexpression of these proteins (P = 0.014 and P = 0.018, respectively). To see whether EGFR signaling is involved in cox-2 and laminin-5 expression, we further conducted in vitro analyses using six lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549, HLC-1, ABC-1, LC-2/ad, VMRC-LCD, and L27). Western blot analyses showed that cox-2 mRNA levels, and to a lesser extent laminin-5 gamma2 mRNA levels, correlated with the expression levels of erbB-2 and the phosphorylated form of MAPK/ERK-1/2 protein. The addition of transforming growth factor-alpha increased both cox-2 and laminin-5 gamma2 mRNA levels in A549, ABC-1, and L27 with different kinetics; the induction of cox-2 occurred earlier than that of laminin-5 gamma2. Finally, the migration of ABC-1 cells was inhibited by MAP kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 and a selective cox-2 inhibitor NS-398. In contrast, the migration of A549 cells was inhibited by PD98059, but much less effectively by NS-398. These results suggest that co-stimulatory mechanisms may exist that increase the expression of cox-2 and laminin-5 at the invasive front of lung adenocarcinomas and that EGFR signaling could be one of the mechanisms. Further investigations are warranted concerning the role of cox-2 and laminin-5 in cancer cell invasion and the significance of p53 and EGFR signaling in the regulation of cox-2 and laminin-5 expression.     

Human cytomegalovirus infection in foci of Langerhans cell histiocytosis

 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) has been thought to be a disorder of immune regulation, and increasingly, evidence showing that the tissue damage in LCH involves lymphokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines is reported. We detected human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-DNA in LCH cells in the foci of LCH lesions by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and PCR. HCMV was detected in the nuclei and/or cytoplasm of LCH cells in 9 of 27 LCH cases by immunostaining. HCMV was probably an early antigen. In situ hybridization revealed signals for HCMV-DNA only in the nuclei of LCH cells in 10 of the 27 LCH cases. PCR analysis was performed in 20 of the LCH cases, and HCMV-DNA was detected in 7 of these. All 7 positive cases were also positive for HCMV by ISH and IHC. These findings suggested that early phase infection or reactivation of HCMV occurred in the LCH lesions. HCMV infection may be accompanied by impaired cytokine production. Our study also suggested a relationship between HCMV infection and expression of TNFα. In tissues affected by LCH, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy or malignant fibrous histiocytoma and in normal tissues no signals for Epstein-Barr virus-RNA were detected. These findings suggest that in some cases LCH is associated with HCMV infection. Received: 24 November 1998 / Accepted: 24 April 1998     

Comparison of mutagenic potentials and mutation spectra of benzene metabolites using supF shuttle vectors in human cells

Benzene is a human leukemogen and the metabolites are thought to be deeply involved in benzene leukemogenesis. In a previous study we reported the molecular analysis of p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) mutagenesis by using a supF shuttle vector plasmid and here we report the mutagenesis of the other metabolites, hydroquinone (HQ) and trans, trans-muconaldehyde (MUC). HQ is a precursor of p-BQ and MUC is produced by a ring-opening metabolic pathway. We found that the HQ redox cycle produced an oxidative lesion in plasmid DNA and significant differences among the mutagenic potentials of MUC, HQ and p-BQ. HQ has stronger mutagenicity than the others. It is about 20 and 600 times stronger than p-BQ and MUC, respectively. Furthermore, we found notable differences in each mutational feature. The MUC mutational type was characterized by a high frequency of tandem base substitutions that could be due to crosslinks produced by its aldehyde moieties, while HQ was characterized by frequent deletion. This HQ feature is the same as in vivo benezene mutagenesis of Big Blue mice reported by Provost et al. in 1996 and is also quite similar to a hydrogen peroxide mutational feature. Therefore, we presume that HQ and reactive oxygen species may play an important role in benzene carcinogenesis.     

Effects of suramin on metastatic ability,proliferation, and production of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 in human renal cell carcinoma cell line SN12C-PM6

Effects of suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea compound, on metastatic ability, proliferation, and production of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitors were studied using the highly metastatic human renal cell carcinoma cell line, SN12C-PM6. After renal subscapular implantation of tumor cells in nude mice, suramin significantly inhibited metastasis of tumor cells to the lungs and liver. In vitro growth of tumour cells was inhibited by suramin in a dose-dependent manner, at relatively low doses (ID₅₀ = 105 µg/ml). Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) production by tumor cells was enhanced by suramin (100 µg/ml), whereas urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) production was suppressed. Thus, the increase in PAI-2 and the decrease in uPA production correlated with the inhibitory effects on tumour growth and metastasis by suramin. Therefore suramin may be beneficial for the treatment of patients with an early stage of renal cancer with potential risk of metastasis.     

Investigation of albumin synthesis in rat livers during the perinatal period using immunocytochemistry andin situ hybridization

The immunoreactivity of albumin (ALB) was observed in the hepatocytes of fetal rats on day 18 of gestation, and was especially observable in immature rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and Golgi apparatus (GA); by then, a small amount of silver grains of ALB mRNA could already be detected. Just after birth, immunoreactivity of ALB could be observed in fine granules or diffusely in all hepatocytes, and was present in rER and GA. One week after birth immunoreactivity of ALB was observed in all hepatocytes and was visible in developed rER and GA; the grains of ALB mRNA were present in all hepatocytes.     

Two case reports of childhood liver cell adenomas harboring beta-catenin abnormalities

The benign epithelial neoplasm liver cell adenoma is rare, especially in childhood. We report 2 such cases, 1 of which was associated with Prader-Willi syndrome. Differential diagnosis of the liver cell adenomas on the basis of histopathologic findings proved difficult and was based on the absence of cellular and nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, and invasive growth. In both cases, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin, and in 1 case, the tumor cells carried a mutation of the beta-catenin gene. Recently, disregulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, attributable to abnormalities of the beta-catenin gene, has been reported to be a major event in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Our report may be the first to describe the beta-catenin abnormalities in childhood liver cell adenoma. These findings imply that abnormalities of beta-catenin can be an early initiating event in human liver tumorigenesis.