Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in the cancer population

Background:

Randomized trials have established the benefit of medical therapy and revascularization in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the 2 most common diseases worldwide. In clinical practice, cancer patients are frequently afflicted with MI. The benefit of medical and/or revascularization therapy in the cancer population with MI is less well known.

Hypothesis:

Medical and revascularization therapy reduces mortality in cancer patients with MI.

Methods:

After approval by the institutional review board, we retrospectively reviewed all patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute MI who were admitted to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between December 2000 and October 2006 and evaluated the association between cardiac treatments with survival outcomes.

Results:

A total of 456 patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute MI were identified and included in the study, of which 386 had non–ST‐segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) and 70 had ST‐segment elevation MI (STEMI). Compared with patients with NSTEMI, patients who had STEMI were more often prescribed aspirin (66% vs 43%; P = 0.004), β‐blockers (61% vs 46%; P = 0.018), and thrombolytic therapy (9% vs 0.3%; P = 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, aspirin use was associated with a 23% decreased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60‐0.98, P = 0.033) and β‐blocker use was associated with a 36% decreased risk of death (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.51–0.81, P = 0.0002). Statins (HR: 0.82, P = 0.18) and catheter‐based revascularization (HR: 0.57, P = 0.09) did not have an impact on the risk of death. Compared with patients with limited cancer, advanced cancer patients were twice as likely to die (HR: 2.12, 95 CI: 1.47–3.04, P < 0.0001). Previous chemotherapy (P = 0.005) and chest radiotherapy (P = 0.017) were associated with increased 1‐year mortality, whereas hyperlipidemia (P = 0.018) was protective.

Conclusions:

In this study of cancer patients with MI, medical therapy with aspirin and β‐blockers was associated with improved survival. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.     

Hemorheological changes with strontium ranelate treatment do not seem to be related to its claimed prothrombotic effects

Strontium ranelate is claimed to be related with increased risk of thromboembolic events. No explanation of this increased incidence of thromboembolism has been identified. However, growing evidence has clearly demonstrated the involvement of blood rheology in any thrombotic process. The aim of this study was to assess hemorheological changes with strontium ranelate treatment in elderly women with osteoporosis. This study was designed in a prospective manner. Twenty-two elderly women diagnosed with osteoporosis were included. During a 2-month treatment period, participants received strontium ranelate 2 g/day. Hemorheological parameters including erythrocyte deformability, erythrocyte aggregation and plasma viscosity were measured before and after 2 months therapy with strontium ranelate. The median age of the patients was 70.0 (range = 65-80) years. After 60 days of treatment, there was no statistically significant change in hemorheological parameters. None of the subjects developed clinical venous thromboembolic event (VTE) during the 2-month period of strontium ranelate treatment. Our study demonstrated that in elderly women, treatment of osteoporosis with strontium ranelate did not change hemorheological parameters over 2 months of time. However, its long-term effects on hemorheologic parameters should be evaluated further with a larger sample.     

Coexistence of osteoporosis (OP) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the elderly: it is not just a by chance event

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and OP are common age-related conditions. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies, low bone mass has been related to increased frequency of CVD. But available data in geriatric population is limited. In this study we aimed to seek the possible relationship between CAD and low bone mineral density (BMD) in a large number of geriatric patients. A total of 2235 patients aged 65 years or more were included in this cross-sectional study. All patients underwent a complete geriatric assessment and evaluated for CAD and cardiovascular risk factors. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck. BMD results were classified into three groups; normal (T-score: ≥-1.0×S.D.), osteopenia (T-score between -1.0 and -2.5×S.D.), and OP (T-score: ≤-2.5×S.D.). CAD was present in 397 (29.7%) of 1335 patients with OP, in 199 (27.4%) of 726 patients with osteopenia and in 34 (19.5%) of 174 patients with normal BMD. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that presence of OP or osteopenia increased the prevalence of CAD as an independent correlate (OR=1.643; 95% CI=1.068-2.528, p=0.030). This study highlights the need for careful evaluation of elderly patients with low BMD for possible CAD.     

The association between homocysteine (hcy) and serum natural antioxidants in elderly bone mineral densitometry (BMD)

Previous studies showed oxidative stress had an important impact on osteoclastic and osteoblastic functions. Oxidative stress or low levels of antioxidants are supposed to reduce BMD and cause osteoporosis. hcy, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), uric acid, albumin and total bilirubin are simple laboratory parameters that are related with oxidative stress. In this study we compare the serum hcy and antioxidant levels in patients with osteoporosis, osteopenia and control subjects. A total of 2190 elderly persons (1348 patients with osteoporosis, 643 patients with osteopenia and 199 control subjects) who were referred to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine at Hacettepe University Hospital for comprehensive geriatric assessment were included in this cross-sectional study. Mean age of subjects were 72.30±6.34 in osteoporosis group, 71.92±6.90 in osteopenia and 71.86±5.88 in control group (p: 0.260). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that hypertension (HT) (OR: 0.675, 95% CI: 0.534-0.854, p: 0.001), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR: 1.669, 95% CI: 1.301-2.142, p: <0.001), age (OR: 1.025, 95% CI: 1.006-1.044, p: 0.009), male gender (OR: 0.451, 95% CI: 0.358-0.569, p<0.001), uric acid (OR: 0.893, 95% CI: 0.837-0.952, p: 0.001), hcy (OR: 1.042, 95% CI: 1.023-1.061, p<0.001), albumin (OR: 0.521, 95% CI: 0.376-0.724, p<0.001), GGT (OR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003-1.017, p: 0.003), creatinine (OR: 0.630, 95% CI: 0.459-0.864, p: 0.004) were independent variables predicting the occurrence of osteoporosis. This study shows there is an imbalance between natural antioxidative and oxidative markers in patients with osteoporosis. Higher serum uric acid and albumin levels are associated with a lower prevalence of osteoporosis whereas higher hcy and GGT levels are associated lower BMD and higher osteoporosis prevalence.     

Mean Platelet Volume in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Does it have a Role in Left Ventricular Thrombus Formation?

We assessed the clinical echocardiograhic, hematological, and biochemical parameters in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) and control individuals mainly focusing on the mean platelet volume (MPV) in terms of DCMP and left ventricle (LV) thrombus formation. Consecutive patients (n = 251) with DCMP and 266 patients without DCMP were studied. Mean platelet volume was significantly greater in patients with DCMP than in control patients (P < .05 for all comparisons). Comparing DCMP patients with LV thrombus (19 patients, 8%) and without LV thrombus (232 patients, 92%) showed that the prevalence of smokers was significantly higher and ejection fraction was significantly lower in patients with LV thrombus. We have shown that patients with DCMP have significantly higher MPV suggesting more platelet activation and the MPV of patients with DCMP and LV thrombus is comparable to those of patients without LV thrombus.