PI3K-Akt信号转导通路在舒芬太尼后处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(PI3K-Akt)信号转导通路在舒芬太尼后处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠50只,体质量230²80 g,2280 g,2³月龄,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组(S组)、心肌缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)、舒芬太尼后处理组(PO组)、舒芬太尼后处理组+PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002组(PO+L组)、PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002组(L组)。I/R组,PO组,PO+L组,L组采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30 min,再灌注120 min的方法来建造心肌缺血再灌注的模型。I/R组在再灌注前5 min时尾静脉注射0.9%氯化钠注射液1 ml,PO组在再灌注前5 min时尾静脉注射1ml舒芬太尼稀释液1μg/kg,PO+L组尾静脉注射1 ml舒芬太尼稀释液1μg/kg+LY2940020抑制剂0.3mg/kg,L组尾静脉注射1 ml LY2940020抑制剂0.3 mg/kg。于再灌注120 min时处死大鼠,取缺血部位心肌组织,用10%甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋,切片。光镜下观察病理学结果,采用免疫组织化学方法测定心肌细胞Akt及磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)的表达,计算p-Akt平均吸光度值与Akt平均吸光度值的比值(p-Akt/Akt),采用TUNEL染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡,计算心肌细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果与S组比较,其余4组AI、p-Akt/Akt的表达均升高(P<0.05);PO组比I/R组、PO+L组、L组AI降低,p-Akt/Akt的表达升高(P<0.05);PO+L组比L组AI降低,p-Akt/Akt的表达升高(P<0.05);I/R组与PO+L组及L组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PI3K-Akt信号转导通路参与了舒芬太尼后处理减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

噻托溴铵联合夜间氧疗对COPD患者夜间睡眠低氧的疗效

目的：观察噻托溴铵联合夜间氧疗对COPD患者夜间睡眠低氧的治疗效果。方法：对我院87例存在不同程度夜间睡眠低氧情况的稳定期COPD患者进行随机分组研究,观察组采用噻托溴铵联合夜间氧疗,对照组单用夜间氧疗,对两组患者在夜间血氧饱和度和肺功能的变化进行处理分析。结果：两组患者治疗前血氧饱和度以及肺功能均较正常值低,治疗后两组患者的血氧饱和度及肺功能均有好转,观察组优于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论：噻托溴铵联合夜间氧疗对COPD患者夜间睡眠低氧症有明显的治疗效果,能够有效改善患者的夜间血氧饱和度和肺功能,并且在疗效上优于单用夜间氧疗者。     

Tumor Size Does Not Independently Affect Long-Term Survival after Curative Resection of Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Macroscopic Vascular Invasion

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of tumor size alone on long-term survival and recurrence after curative resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without macroscopic vascular invasion.

Methods

A single-center cohort of 615 patients with solitary HCC (a single tumor, without macroscopic vascular invasion or distant metastasis) undergoing curative hepatic resection from 2002 to 2010 was retrospectively studied. Using 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 8.0, and 10.0 cm as cut-off values of tumor size, the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were compared between the groups of patients with tumor size up to a certain cut-off value and the groups of patients with tumor size above that cut-off value. Thus, multiple comparisons were done. The prognostic factors of OS and RFS were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The median tumor size of all HCCs was 4.0 cm (range 0.9–22.0 cm). The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.0 %, and the overall morbidity rate was 22.3 %. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 96.0, 79.8, and 69.9 %, and the corresponding RFS rates were 83.6, 72.7, and 57.2 %, respectively. On univariate analyses, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and RFS rates were significantly different between the individual two groups of patients as divided by the aforementioned different cut-off values of tumor sizes (all p < 0.05). However, when tumor size was put as a continuous variable into multivariate analysis, it was no longer an independent prognostic factor of OS or RFS after curative resection.

Conclusions

Tumor size did not independently affect long-term survival and recurrence after curative resection of solitary HCC without macroscopic vascular invasion. Therefore, there is no size limit that precludes hepatic resection for solitary HCC, provided the tumor is resectable.     

Establishing a central zone in scaphoid surgery: a computational approach

Purpose

Scaphoid fractures are commonly fixed with headless cannulated screws positioned centrally in the scaphoid. Judgement of central placement of the screw may be difficult. We generated a central zone using computer analysis of 3D reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) images. As long as the screw axis is completely contained within this central zone, the screw would be considered as centrally placed.

Methods

Thirty cases of 3D CT reconstructions of normal scaphoids in a computerised operation planning and simulation system (Vxwork software) were obtained. The central zone was established after some distance shrinkage of the original scaphoid surface reconstruction model using the function “erode” in the software. The shape of the central zone was evaluated, and the width of the central zone in the proximal pole, waist portion and distal pole was measured. We also established the long axis of the scaphoid to see whether it stays in the central zone.

Results

All central zones could be divided into distal, waist and proximal portions according to the corresponding irregular shape of the scaphoid. As the geometry of the central zone was so irregular and its width very narrow, it was possible to completely contain the screw axis either in the proximal portion alone, waist alone or distal central zone alone.

Conclusions

Establishing the central zone of scaphoid 3D CT images provided a baseline for discussion of central placement of a scaphoid screw. The geometry of the scaphoid central zone determined that the screw could hardly be inserted through entire scaphoid central area during surgery.     

Effects of aescin on testicular repairment in rats with experimentally induced varicocele

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of aescin treatment in a rodent model treated with an experimentally induced varicocele. Experimental varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein of rats. Aescin administration was performed daily for 4 weeks after the varicocele induction. Seven weeks later, a contrast‐enhanced ultrasound was performed of the rats' testis to assess testicular blood flow. The animals were sacrificed, and H&E staining was then used to evaluate testicular pathological changes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes density. Cauda epididymal sperm counts and motility were evaluated. Blood was collected for the measurement of follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and testosterone. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound showed that there were significant decreases in testicular blood flow in the aescin‐treated groups compared with those in control varicocele group. Testicular oedema was detected in those rats treated with a varicocele but without aescin, while no oedema was found in the experimental group. H&E staining showed dysfunctional spermatogenesis in both cohorts; however, polymorphonuclear leucocytes density was significantly reduced in aescin‐treated groups. There was an increase in sperm counts of the aescin‐treated groups. Our study demonstrated that aescin could exert therapeutical effects on reversal of testicular lesions in varicocele rats.     

New bone formation enhanced by ADSCs overexpressing hRunx2 during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in osteoporotic rabbits

Promoting new bone formation during distraction osteogenesis (DO) in elderly patients with osteoporosis is still a challenge. In this study, we investigated the effect of gene therapy using local Runt‐related gene 2 on new bone formation during osteoporotic mandibular DO in rabbits. First, we successfully established a mandibular osteoporotic animal model by ovariectomizing rabbits. Second, the right mandibles of the osteoporotic rabbits were distracted after corticotomy. The distraction gap of the rabbits in Group A2 and B2 were injected with Adv‐hRunx2‐GFP‐transfected adipose‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) and Adv‐GFP‐transfected ADSCs, respectively. Rabbits in Groups C2 (ovariectomized control) and D2 (sham surgery control) were injected with physiologic saline. New‐generation bone tissue in the distraction gap was analyzed via plain radiographic examinations, micro‐computed tomography, histological examinations, and biomechanical testing at weeks 3, 6, and 9 of the consolidation period. Results of above examinations showed that no ideal new bone formation was observed in Groups B2 and C2, but obvious ideal new bone formation was observed in Group A2 and D2. The results suggested that gene therapy using rhRunx2‐modified ADSCs promoted new bone formation during osteoporotic mandibular DO and effectively compensated for the detrimental effects of systemic osteoporosis on new bone formation. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:709–720, 2014.     

Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomized clinical trial

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Methods

A total of 164 cases of BPH were selected from patients who were hospitalized between January 2010 and December 2011. Patients had received either HoLEP or TURP treatment. Clinical data were collected from the perioperative period, 1 month after surgery, and 12 months after surgery.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in the maximum urinary flow rate (Q _max), postvoid residual volume (PVR), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), or quality-of-life score (QOL score) at 1 month after surgery (p = 0.56, p = 0.346, p = 0.536 and p = 0.145, respectively). However, after 12 months, patients from the HoLEP group demonstrated better scores in Q _max, PVR, IPSS, and QOL than those from the TURP group (p = 0.037, p = 0.003, p < 0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively). The two groups had comparable operation time (p = 0.105), catheterization time (p = 0.173), and length of hospital stay (p = 0.395), but were statistically different in the weight of resected prostate tissue (p < 0.001), bladder irrigation time (p < 0.001), hemoglobin levels (p = 0.011), and blood sodium levels (p = 0.002) after surgery.

Conclusions

Compared to TURP, HoLEP was safer and had better long-term efficacy as assessed by multiple quantitative measures. Therefore, HoLEP may present a better option in the treatment of BPH.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病联合用药临床研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是临床上最常见的慢性肝病,全球发病率约为25%,NAFLD可进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝细胞癌,严重威胁人类健康。目前我国尚未批准任何治疗药物上市,新药研发迫在眉睫。NAFLD发病机制复杂,单一用药很难取得好的疗效。几种不同作用机制的药物联合使用是未来治疗NAFLD的必然趋势。通过联合用药可能降低药物的不良反应,发挥协同作用产生更好的疗效。本文综述了NAFLD联合用药的最新临床研究进展,以期为后续NAFLD新药开发和临床合理用药提供参考。