Inhibition of Complement Drives Increase in Early Growth Response Proteins and Neuroprotection Mediated by Salidroside After Cerebral Ischemia

Salidroside is neuroprotective across a wide therapeutic time-window after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Here, we investigated the role of complement in mediating effects of salidroside after cerebral IRI in rats. Rats were administrated with vehicle or salidroside 50 mg/kg, given daily for either 24 or 48 h, after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and reperfusion for 1 h. Levels of proteins in ischemic brain were measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting. We observed early increases in the deposition of immunoglobulin M, mannose-binding lectin 2, and annexin IV on cerebral endothelial cells, induction of the complement components C3 and C3a, by 24 h after IRI, and a later significant increase in the complement component C1q by 48 h. Salidroside prevented these changes. The neuroplasticity-related early growth response proteins Egr1, Egr2, and Egr4 and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein increased transiently in the first 6 h after IRI but then decreased below baseline by 48 h after IRI. Neither salidroside nor a C3a receptor antagonist (C3aRA) affected these proteins 24 h after IRI, but both reversed their later decreases to similar and non-additive extents. Salidroside and C3aRA increased NeuN in a non-additive manner after IRI. Our results suggest that salidroside exerts neuroprotection by reducing early activation of the lectin pathway on the cerebral endothelium and inhibiting the gradual activation of the classical pathway after cerebral IRI. This prolonged neuroprotection may depend, at least in part, on increased expression of neuroplasticity-related genes driven by reduced complement activation.     

α-Tocopherol protected against cobalt nanoparticles and cocl2 induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in Balb/3T3 cells

Context: Currently, tissue damage induced by cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) and cobalt ions (Co²⁺) are the most serious adverse effect in the patients with metal-on-metal hip prostheses. Therefore, an urgent need exists for the identification of the mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies to limit it.

Objective: We aimed to explore the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of CoNPs and Co²⁺ and developed strategies to reduce this cytotoxicity with α-tocopherol treatment.

Methods: To evaluate the protective effect of α-tocopherol, Balb/3T3 cells were pretreated with 10?μM α-tocopherol for 24?h. The cells were then exposed to different concentrations of CoNPs and Co²⁺ for 12?h, 24?h and 48?h. The cell viabilities, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines and MAP kinase (MAPK) levels were measured.

Results: CoNPs and Co²⁺ can induce the increase of ROS and inflammatory cytokines in Balb/3T3 cells, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, α-tocopherol pretreatment can significantly prevent cytotoxicity induced by CoNPs and Co²⁺, decrease ROS production and decrease levels of inflammatory cytokines in Balb/3T3 cells. Additionally, MAPK pathway may be involved in the protection of α-tocopherol against cytotoxicity induced by CoNPs and Co²⁺ in vitro.

Conclusions: Our results provide new insights into the potential therapeutic use of α-tocopherol in the prevention and treatment of various oxidative- or inflammatory stress-related inflammation and injuries.     

A new monozoic tapeworm,Parabreviscolex niepini n. g., n. sp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), from schizothoracine fishes (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) in Tibet,China

Parasitology Research - A new monozoic cestode, Parabreviscolex niepini n. gen. and n. sp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), is described from the type-host Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan, 1905...     

Genomic analysis of a recombinant NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in china

Recently, NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs), which are genetically similar to the NADC30 strain isolated in the United States of America in 2008, have become prevalent in China. Here, a novel variant PRRSV strain named HNhx was successfully isolated on porcine alveolar macrophages from Henan province and the full-length genome sequence was determined. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HNhx strain was classified into the NADC30-like PRRSV subgroup, in which all the strains had the unique discontinuous 131-amino acid deletion relative to that of the nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2) of the VR2332 strain. Genetically, HNhx shared 92.9% nucleotide similarity to NADC30. Furthermore, HNhx strain contained extensive amino acid mutations in GP5. In particular, the S32H, N33D, D34N, and S36G variations resulted in that HNhx lost all the putative N-linked glycosylation sites at amino acid positions 30, 32, 33, 34, and 35. Recombination analysis revealed that HNhx was the result of recombination between the NADC30 strain and the highly pathogenic PRRSV vaccine strain circulating in China in Nsp4 (nt 5261) to Nsp9 (nt 7911). The novel genome data of HNhx will be helpful for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of PRRSV in China.     

Rapid Pore Cranial Drilling With External Ventricular Drainage for Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A 36-Year Case Series

This study aimed to describe the technique details of rapid pore cranial drilling with external ventricular drainage and document its clinical outcomes by highlighting the advantages over the traditional and modified cranial drilling technique. Intraventricular hemorrhage is one of the most severe subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke with high mortality. The amount of blood in the ventricles is associated with severity of outcomes, and fast removal of the blood clot is the key to a good prognosis. Between 1977 and 2013, 3773 patients admitted for intraventricular hemorrhage underwent rapid pore cranial drilling drainage. The therapeutic effects and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 1049 (27.8%) experienced complete remission, 1788 (47.4%) had improved condition, and 936 (24.8%) died. A total of 3229 (85.6%) patients gained immediate remission. One typical case was illustrated to demonstrate the efficacy of the rapid pore drilling technique. Rapid pore cranial drilling drainage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage is fast, effective, and provides immediate relief in patients with severe conditions. It could be a better alternative to the conventional drilling approach for treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. A randomized controlled trial for direct comparison between the rapid pore cranial drilling drainage and conventional drilling technique is in urgent need.Key words: Intraventricular hemorrhage, External ventricular drainage, Rapid pore cranial drillingIntraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) denotes a bleeding within the ventricular system of the brain. It usually results from traumatic brain injuries or hemorrhagic stroke, and the prognosis can be very poor.^1,2 Volume of IVH has been reported to be a predictor of outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and extension to the ventricles.^3,4 Epidemiologic data has demonstrated a strong association between the amount of blood in the ventricles and severity of outcomes including mortality, coma, and functional impairment.⁴ This finding provides substantial support for the therapeutic idea of intraventricular hematoma removal, which has been validated in animal studies. The removal of blood clot from ventricles prevents hydrocephalus and inhibits inflammation mediated progressive tissue damage.^5,6 External ventricular drainage (EVD), also known as ventriculostomy, has then been developed to remove the blood or obstructed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles of the brain, which thus relieves the elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and hydrocephalus.⁷ Efforts have been made to improve the drilling and drainage techniques. For example, the method of percutaneous needle trephination has been introduced and performed in case of emergency as a simple, low-risk, effective way to reduce ICP.^8,9 Similarly, Zhang et al first introduced a medical device named rapid pore drilling apparatus in 1975, and shortly after reported the first success using the rapid pore drilling technique to perform EVD via the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle, which saved the life of a patient with IVH and severe tonsillar hernia.^10,11 It was a fast procedure, completed within 10 minutes, and could be performed at the bedside under sterile condition. Since then, this technique has been adopted in many hospitals in Shandong Province, China. In this study, we collected and analyzed clinical data on 3773 patients who were admitted for IVH at 14 hospitals from 1977 to 2013 and received rapid pore cranial drilling with EVD. The clinical experiences, including operating procedures, duration, technical performances, and the therapeutic effect of rapid pore drilling with EVD were recorded. To our best knowledge, the present study was the biggest one that involved the largest cohort so far and summarized the clinical practice of the rapid pore cranial drilling technique over 30 years. The results indicate that the rapid pore cranial drilling technique is minimally invasive, fast, safe, and effective for treating patients with severe IVH.     

衡阳市社区老年人积极老龄化现状及其影响因素的研究

目的了解社区老年人积极老龄化现状,并分析其影响因素,为社区护理工作者开展健康促进工作,提高社区老年人的健康水平提供参考。方法采用一般问卷调查表、休闲态度量表和积极老龄化量表对衡阳市某国家级示范社区卫生服务中心275名老年人进行问卷调查。结果老年人休闲态度总分为(3.16±0.55)分,积极老龄化总分为(3.24±0.61)分。不同年龄、文化程度、居住情况、休闲类型和身体机能的社区老年人积极老龄化得分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);社区老年人休闲态度与积极老龄化呈正相关(均P0.01)。回归分析结果表明,身心健康和自我发展是影响积极老龄化的重要因素。结论社区老年人积极老龄化水平和休闲态度水平均待提高,社区护理工作者应采取措施提高社区老年人的休闲态度水平,促进其达到积极老龄化。     

某三甲医院73名护士离职原因及再就业情况调查分析

目的分析某三甲医院73名护士离职原因及再就业情况,探讨提高护士工作满意度,减少护士离职的对策。方法对73名护士采取电话访谈方式了解离职原因及再就业情况。结果护士离职的主要原因依次为护理工作紧张压力大(87.67%)、工作环境不满意(50.69%),科室人际关系紧张(41.10%)及考取外单位在编编制(38.36%)等6项原因。再就业包括继续从事护理专业(56.16%)、非护理专业(10.96%)、暂时休息(20.55%)等。结论应合理配置护士人力资源,缓解工作压力,实施更为人性化的管理,做好护士职业生涯规划等,以提高护士工作满意度,降低离职率。     

Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus corticosteroid as initial monotherapy in adult-onset minimal change disease: a meta-analysis

Objective

The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) monotherapy versus corticosteroid as initial monotherapy in adult-onset minimal change disease (MCD) patients.

Methods

Databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database were searched from the inception to March 20, 2021. Eligible studies comparing TAC monotherapy and corticosteroid as initial monotherapy for adult-onset MCD patients were included. Data were analyzed using Review Manager Version 5.3.

Results

Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 196 patients were included in the meta-analysis. For initial monotherapy for adult-onset MCD, TAC and corticosteroid had similar complete remission (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.47–2.41, P?=?0.89), total remission (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.39–4.35, P?=?0.67), relapse rate (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.28–1.42, P?=?0.26). Main drug-related adverse effects of two therapeutic regimens had no difference concerning infection (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.23–1.27, P?=?0.15), glucose intolerance (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.16–1.84, P?=?0.33) and acute renal failure (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.36–7.31, P?=?0.71).

Conclusion

TAC monotherapy is comparable with corticosteroid monotherapy in initial therapy of MCD. To further confirm the conclusion, more large multicenter RCTs are necessary.