GDF15在肾移植缺血-再灌注损伤中的作用及机制研究

目的  探讨生长与分化因子（GDF）15在肾移植缺血-再灌注损伤（IRI）中的作用及机制。方法  选取野生型供体小鼠9只,野生型受体小鼠9只,分别于术后4、24、72 h取3只受体小鼠的移植肾,进行GDF家族转录组学分析,检测各组肾组织GDF15的表达情况。选取野生型供体小鼠5只,GDF15敲除型供体小鼠5只,野生型受体小鼠10只,根据实验方案将小鼠分为野生型假手术组、野生型移植组、GDF15敲除假手术组、GDF15敲除移植组,于术后72 h提取血清及肾组织样本,对比各组肾功能、肾小管损伤情况、炎症细胞浸润、炎症因子及Toll样受体4（TLR4）、核因子（NF）-κB表达水平。选取野生型供体小鼠9只,GDF15敲除型供体小鼠9只,野生型受体小鼠18只,根据实验方案将小鼠分为野生型移植组、GDF15敲除移植组,观察肾移植术后两组生存率。结果  GDF15是移植肾转录组学中上调最多的GDF家族基因,主要在肾小管中表达。与假手术组比较,移植组小鼠肾功能下降;与野生型移植组比较,GDF15敲除移植组小鼠血清肌酐、血尿素氮水平升高（均为P < 0.05）。野生型移植组小鼠术后1周生存率为87.6%,GDF15敲除移植组小鼠术后1周生存率为41.8%。GDF15敲除移植组肾损伤分子（KIM）-1表达增多,肾小管损伤评分更高。野生型移植组肾小管可见溶解或坏死,髓外和皮质中可见管型形成,而GDF15敲除移植组肾小管坏死及管型更加明显。移植组髓过氧化物酶（MPO）和F4/80表达增多,且GDF15敲除移植组炎症细胞浸润加重。与假手术组比较,移植组肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-1β和IL-6表达水平升高;与野生型移植组比较,GDF15敲除移植组TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6表达水平升高（均为P < 0.05）。移植组肾组织中TLR4、NF-κB表达较假手术组增多;GDF15敲除移植组肾组织中TLR4和NF-κB表达较野生型移植组增多。结论  GDF15可减轻移植肾IRI,其作用机制可能与抑制TLR4-NF-κB信号通路有关。     

多层螺旋CT在儿童后鼻孔先天性闭锁诊断中的应用价值

目的分析掌握后鼻孔先天性闭锁的多层螺旋CT诊断要点。方法选取9例后鼻孔先天性闭锁的患儿行螺旋CT容积扫描,进行MPR三维重建,总结其影像学特征。结果后鼻孔双侧闭锁4例,后鼻孔单侧闭锁5例,均为右侧;其中混合性闭锁5例,膜性闭锁3例,骨性闭锁 1 侧。结论多层螺旋CT可以从不同角度显示后鼻孔先天性闭锁的组织结构﹑狭窄程度与周围组织器官的毗邻关系,更好的为临床选择治疗方法提供有力的依据。     

Effectiveness of Screening Using Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Colonoscopy on the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

BackgroundFew cohort studies have used multiple surveys of screening attendance to simultaneously evaluate the effectiveness of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and colonoscopy.MethodsWe analyzed data of 30,381 middle-aged Japanese adults from a population-based prospective cohort study. Information on FOBT and colonoscopy was obtained from three questionnaire surveys (every 5 years). We classified the subjects into three groups: the FOBT (15,649 subjects), screening colonoscopy (2,407 subjects), and unscreened (12,325 subjects) groups. We used the unscreened group as the reference group to compare the mortality and incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC).ResultsDuring the 14-year follow-up, 64, 12, and 104 CRC deaths were identified in the FOBT, screening colonoscopy, and unscreened groups, respectively. The risk of CRC death reduced with increasing the number of FOBTs (P for trend = 0.02) and was reduced by 44% in the subjects screened twice or thrice using FOBT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33–0.94). Significant decreases were seen for the incidence of CRC but not seen for the incidence of non-advanced CRC in the FOBT group. Concerning the screening colonoscopy, subjects screened at the start of follow-up showed a 69% reduced risk of CRC death (HR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10–0.9996). Significant decreases were also seen for the incidence of CRC and non-advanced CRC in the subjects screened at the start of follow-up.ConclusionFOBT, depending on the number of FOBTs, and colonoscopy, depending on recency, reduced the risk of death due to CRC and the incidence of CRC.Key words: colorectal cancer, colorectal cancer screening, fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, prospective cohort study     

pH and proton-sensitive receptors in brain ischemia

Extracellular proton concentration is at 40 nM when pH is 7.4. In disease conditions such as brain ischemia, proton concentration can reach µM range. To respond to this increase in extracellular proton concentration, the mammalian brain expresses at least three classes of proton receptors. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are the main neuronal cationic proton receptor. The proton-activated chloride channel (PAC), which is also known as (aka) acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (ASOR; TMEM206), mediates acid-induced chloride currents. Besides proton-activated channels, GPR4, GPR65 (aka TDAG8, T-cell death-associated gene 8), and GPR68 (aka OGR1, ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1) function as proton-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Though earlier studies on these GPCRs mainly focus on peripheral cells, we and others have recently provided evidence for their functional importance in brain injury. Specifically, GPR4 shows strong expression in brain endothelium, GPR65 is present in a fraction of microglia, while GPR68 exhibits predominant expression in brain neurons. Here, to get a better view of brain acid signaling and its contribution to ischemic injury, we will review the recent findings regarding the differential contribution of proton-sensitive GPCRs to cerebrovascular function, neuroinflammation, and neuronal injury following acidosis and brain ischemia.     

Increased neutrophil count Is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the potential association of peripheral inflammatory blood cell parameters with the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study included 1192 subjects with diabetes derived from one center. The cohort study included 2060 subjects with diabetes derived from another two centers followed up for 4 years. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of peripheral inflammatory blood cell with CKD.ResultsIn the cross‐sectional study, neutrophil count performed best as an independent risk factor for CKD (odds ratio 2.556 [95% confidence interval 1.111, 5.879]) even after 1:1 case–control matching for age, gender, history of high blood pressure and duration of diabetes. Spline regression revealed a significant linear association of CKD incidence with continuous neutrophil count in excess of 3.6 × 10⁹/L. In the cohort study, subjects were grouped based on tertile of neutrophil count and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio. Cox regression analysis results showed that only neutrophil count was independently associated with CKD progression (the highest group vs. the lowest group, hazard ratio 2.293 [95% confidence interval 1.260, 4.171]) after fully adjusting for potential confounders. The cumulative incidence of CKD progression in patients with diabetes gradually increased with increasing neutrophil count (53 (7.7%) subjects in the lowest group vs. 60 (8.2%) in the middle group vs. 78 (12.2%) in the highest group).ConclusionsThis study suggested that neutrophil count is an independent risk factor for progression of CKD in patients with diabetes.     

屏胶乳腺X线摄影和数字化乳腺X线摄影的对比研究

数字乳腺X线摄影（DM）较屏胶乳腺X线摄影（SFM）具有更多的优势,其对于图像的获取、储存和显示都是相互分离的,每个系统都能优化产生最佳效果,而且数字图像能够由计算机处理并显示为多种形式。因此,DM系统正逐渐替代SFM系统并成为筛查及诊断乳腺癌的常规手段。就DM和SFM的成像原理、图像质量、图像处理以及临床应用进行比较。     

Increased intracranial hemorrhage of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - The impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is controversial, and with a paucity of...     

1例原发性血小板增多症致颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的抗血栓治疗分析及药学监护

目的 探讨临床药师在原发性血小板增多症致颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的抗血栓治疗方案选择以及药学监护中的作用。方法 临床药师参与1例原发性血小板增多症致颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的药物治疗。治疗期间,临床药师协助医师制定抗血栓治疗方案,为患者制定药学监护计划并实施药学监护,评估药物疗效,监测药物不良反应,开展用药教育。结果 经过抗凝、脱水降颅压、控制癫痫等治疗后,患者无头痛、恶心、呕吐,无肢体抽搐,左侧肢体乏力改善,好转出院。治疗过程中未出现皮肤瘀斑、鼻出血、牙龈出血以及黑便等药物不良反应。结论 临床药师对静脉窦血栓形成患者进行全程的药学监护,可提高药物治疗的有效性、安全性以及患者的依从性。     

终末期肾病患者对护理专业性社会支持体验及期望的叙事研究

目的了解终末期肾病患者住院期间对护理人员提供社会支持的体验及需求,为护士实施全面有效的社会支持提供依据。方法采用立意抽样法选取14例终末期肾病住院患者为研究对象,采用半结构式访谈提纲进行深入访谈并按三维度叙事分析法进行转录和分析。结果患者住院期间感受到的护理专业性社会支持主要有:护理帮助支持、情感支持、沟通和信息支持;患者期望获得及时的评价支持,更多的情感支持,针对性、多样化的沟通信息支持。结论护理人员为终末期肾病患者提供专业性社会支持时应关注患者的期望,提升护理服务效能。