糖尿病与重症牙周病相关的证据

数据来源：检索MEDLINE数据库从1970年1月至2003年10月出版的所有文献．并手工检索参考文献中的相关文献。纳入标准：以人为对象的临床试验或观察性研究，且以英语发表的文献。数据提取和合成：由3位作者分别提取数据，意见不同则由讨论解决。记录一系列指标：菌斑指数（PI）、牙石指数、牙龈指数（GI）、探诊出血指数（BOP）、牙周探诊深度（PPD）、临床附着丧失（CAL）、牙龈退缩、牙周指数和骨丧失指数。用血液中糖化血红蛋白百分浓度显示糖尿病控制与否。评估各牙周参数的整体差异，并应用固定效应模型或随机效应模型计算相应的95％CI。用Q检验进行同质性检验。用漏斗图检测发表偏倚。结果：18个横断面对照研究、3个前瞻性队列研究和2个临床试验的基线资料入选。     

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia

The entorhinal cortex (ERC) has been implicated in schizophrenia by a number of studies. There is anatomical observation of neuronal heterotopias in the rostral ERC, which is consistent with a hypothesis of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in this disease. In view of the significant cytoarchitectonic variation of the ERC throughout its rostro-caudal extent, we performed a detailed subareal analysis of the rostral two-thirds of the entorhinal cortex (ERCr) in 14 postmortem schizophrenic brains and 14 matched controls (mean ages of 48 and 47 respectively). This systematic evaluation included both a qualitative microscopic analysis of morphogenetic anomalies that would be consistent with neurodevelopmental pathology and quantitative measurements of total neuronal number, average neuronal density, laminar volume and laminar depth from the cortical surface in cytoarchitectonically matched subareas of schizophrenic and control brains. Parcellation of the entire ERC on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria identified five distinct regions, similar to those described in the macaque, except that in the human brain three of the regions were further divisible into two or three subareas, yielding nine distinct cellular compartments. Five rostral areas, prorhinal (Pr), lateral (28L), intermediate rostral and caudal (281r and 281c), and sulcal (28S), comprise the ERCr. Gross and microscopic examination of these subdivisions throughout the ERCr failed to reveal laminar disorganization in any of the schizophrenic brains. The brains also did not differ significantly with respect to total neuronal number, total volume and neuronal density per laminar and subareal subdivision, or laminar thickness per entorhinal subarea. However, neuronal number and density were reduced by 12-18% in Pr and 28L, suggesting that mild quantitative abnormalities may exist in the ERCr and might possibly be revealed in a larger sample of schizophrenic brains. We have failed to confirm previous reports of laminar disorganization in the ERCr in brains of patients with schizophrenia; to the extent that this region is implicated in schizophrenia, the structural changes are likely to consist of more subtle cellular disturbances.