空气中溶血性链球菌含量和流感流行关系

通过流感流行期观察公共场所空气中溶血性链球菌（ＨＳ）含量发现：ＨＳ检出率由非流行期的４４．２％增至７７．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＨＳ＞３６ｃｆｕ／ｍ３由７．９％增至４４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＨＳ＞３６ｃｆｕ／ｍ３，最大倍数由２．２增至１１．１（Ｐ＜０．０１），以低档场所污染最严重。同时在血平皿上还发现有一种轻度溶血圈的脓绿色Ｇ氏阳性球菌落（７６．２％）。然而细菌总数（ＢＴ）无一例超标。提示：ＨＳ是一种直接反映在人群生理活动和呼吸系统传染病流行的灵敏指标，ＨＳ≤３６ｃｆｕ／ｍ３有可操作性和实用性     

用高效液相色谱法测定莫雷西嗪及其代谢产物在血及尿中的浓度

应用高效液相色谱法测定人体血浆、尿液中莫雷西嗪及其亚砜、砜代谢产物的生物浓度，本法选用国产硅胶ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８为固定要，甲醇、乙腈、水、三乙胺为流动相，检测波长２５４ｎｍ．采用离子对一步提取法提取样品，莫雷西嗪，莫雷西嗪亚砜和莫雷西嗪亚砜和莫西嗪的最低血浆检测浓度为３０、８、１０ｎｍ／ｇｍｌ，绝对回收率大于８５％。     

Molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastases to bone

Bone metastases lead to hypercalcemia, bone pain, fractures, and nerve compression. They cause increased morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced breast cancer. Animal models reproduce many of the features seen in patients with breast cancer and permit identification of tumor- and bone-derived factors important in skeletal metastasis. These factors provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions. Specific tumor-bone molecular interactions mediated by these factors drive a vicious cycle that perpetuates skeletal metastases. In breast cancer, osteolytic metastases are most common, but mixed and osteoblastic metastases occur in a significant number of patients. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a common osteolytic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukins 8 and 11 also contribute. Osteoblastic metastases can be caused by tumor-secreted endothelin-1 (ET-1), but there are a variety of other potential osteoblastic factors. Stimulation of osteoblasts can paradoxically increase osteoclast function, as bone-synthesizing osteoblasts are the main regulators of bone-destroying osteoclasts. Coexpression of osteolytic and osteoblastic factors can thus produce mixed metastases or increased osteolysis. Cancer treatments, especially sex steroid deprivation therapies, stimulate bone loss. Bone resorption results in the release of bone growth factors, which may unintentionally increase the formation of bone metastases by activating the vicious cycle. Clinically approved bisphosphonates prevent bone resorption and reduce the release of bone growth factors. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-neutralizing antibody, inhibitors of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand pathway, and ET-1 receptor antagonists are in clinical trials. These agents act on bone cells rather than tumor cells. Recent experiments identify new potential targets for prevention of bone metastases.     

Electrical impedance scanning for the early detection of breast cancer in young women: preliminary results of a multicenter prospective clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and patient satisfaction with electrical impedance scanning (EIS) for early detection of breast cancer in young women. METHODS: Women undergoing screening clinical breast examination, imaging, or biopsy were eligible for EIS examination with T-Scan 2000ED (Mirabel Medical Systems, Austin, TX). Multiple logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between clinical variables and EIS performance. Patients completed a screening EIS satisfaction questionnaire (1 = least satisfied to 5 = most satisfied). RESULTS: Twenty-nine cancers were identified among 1,103 women. Sixty-six percent (19 of 29) of cancers were nonpalpable and 55% (16 of 29) were in women age < or = 50 years. EIS sensitivity and specificity in women younger than 40 years was 50% and 90%, respectively. Exogenous estrogen use (P < .001) and menopausal status (P = .007) correlated significantly with EIS performance. False-positive rates were increased in postmenopausal women and those taking exogenous hormones. No correlation was evident between EIS performance and family history, prior breast cancer, breast density, or palpability. EIS-positive women younger than age 40 were 4.5 times more likely to have breast carcinoma than were women randomly selected from the general population. Patients were highly satisfied with the comfort, speed, and reporting of EIS screening (mean score, 4.8). CONCLUSION: EIS seems promising for early detection of breast cancer, and identification of young women at increased risk for having the disease at time of screening. Positive EIS-associated breast cancer risk compares favorably with relative risks of conditions commonly used to justify early breast cancer screening. Patients are satisfied with a screening paradigm involving breast EIS.     

Prävention von Hautkrebs

Zusammenfassung In der Gesamtheit von malignem Melanom, Basalzellkarzinom und Plattenepithelkarzinom stellt Hautkrebs den weltweit häufigsten Krebs dar. Seine Inzidenz nimmt schneller zu als für alle anderen Krebsarten. Dieser Entwicklung muss durch präventive Maßnahmen entgegengewirkt werden, um Morbidität und Mortalität aber auch die enormen finanziellen Belastungen für das Gesundheitswesen zu reduzieren. Hierzu können die primäre Prävention (Vermeidung der Risiken) und sekundäre Prävention (Früherkennung, Screening) eingesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit werden Notwendigkeit, Durchführung und erste Erfolge solcher Interventionen beschrieben. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet dabei die Darstellung der Vorgehensweise in Deutschland, so wie sie seit ca. 15 Jahren von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Prävention e.V (ADP) und der Deutschen Krebshilfe e.V. (DKH) angewandt wird.     

Sheets of embryonic epidermis can be isolated and cultured with or without the basal lamina

In the current study, we determine the concentration of Dispase II, a neutral protease, and the incubation time necessary for isolation of embryonic avian epidermis. The epidermis can be isolated from the dermis consistently with or without the basal lamina. Because the action of Dispase II is selective and easily controlled, this study suggests that Dispase can serve as a powerful tool for studying epidermal-extracellular matrix interactions. In further experiments we study the response of sheets of epidermis isolated with and without its basal lamina to extracellular matrix. When the epidermis is isolated without the basal lamina, the basal surface blebs and the actin in the basal cytoplasm are disrupted. Epidermis isolated without the basal lamina and cultured on extracellular matrix reorganizes the basal actin mat and retracts the blebs. However, epidermis isolated without the basal lamina and cultured in the absence of extracellular matrix continues to have blebs and a disorganized actin cortical mat. In contrast, the control epidermis isolated with the basal lamina retains a flat basal surface and organized actin cortical mat after culturing either with or without extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix has been shown by many investigators to play an important role in cytoskeletal organization, metabolism, and differentiation. How the extracellular matrix interacts and influences these functions has not been completely elucidated. The ability to isolate tissue consistently with and without its basal lamina using Dispase II will facilitate addressing these and other epithelial cell biology questions.     

Differential Attachment by Piliated and Nonpiliated Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Human Sperm

Piliated type 1 Neisseria gonorrhoeae attached to 50% of human sperm after incubation of mixtures in vitro for 15 min at 35 C. In contrast, nonpiliated type 4 N. gonorrhoeae attached to only 23% of sperm. Similar results were obtained with three different strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Treatment with heat or formaldehyde to kill bacteria did not affect the amount of attachment by piliated or nonpiliated types. Escherichia coli and N. subflava, other species of piliated bacteria, attached to about 40% of sperm, and the nonpiliated species N. meningitidis and N. catarrhalis attached to a comparable number of sperm, as did type 4 N. gonorrhoeae. Prior incubation of type 1 N. gonorrhoeae with purified antibody prepared against gonococcal pili reduced the percentage of sperm with attached bacteria to the same level as that for nonpiliated type 4 gonococci. Similar treatment of other piliated organisms or of nonpiliated Neisseria did not affect the attachment of the bacteria to sperm.     

医学中的光纤干涉仪

光纤传感器的优点是众所周知的,它已经成为传感器的一大分支.光纤传感的方式主要分为强度型和相位型,强度型的传感器比较多,它的装置简单,易于实现;相位型的需要光纤干涉仪,一般比较困难,但它的精度比较高.相位型传感技术在医学中的应用,主要有:强相干技术,弱相干技术,以及部分相干技术(PCI).它们的代表应用分别有:高强度超声波光纤干涉传感器,光干涉成像技术(OCT),基于PCI的眼科生物测试仪等.     

PLF与PLIF治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的疗效比较

目的对比研究后外侧融合(posterolateral fusion,PLF)与后路椎间融合(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)治疗Ⅰ～Ⅱ度峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法76例采取植骨融合附加椎弓根内固定的手术方法,33例采用后外侧融合,其余采用椎间融合,比较两种植骨方式术后植骨融合率和临床症状改善情况。结果临床优良率分别为81．82％和88．37％,两者无显著性差异(P>0．05);骨融合率分别为75．76％和90．7％,两者有显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论后外侧融合与椎间融合治疗Ⅰ～Ⅱ度峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的疗效相似,无明显差别。